HRM practices in a work-related context for improving sustainable organisational performance

Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019; 12: 1009–1025.

Abstract

Background

This study examined how human resource management [HRM] can directly and indirectly influence sustainable organizational performance [SOP], with organizational innovation [OI] as a mediator.

Research methods

For this quantitative study, a 31-item questionnaire was used to collect data on HRM and SOP from 20 Shanghai branches of five Chinese banks. HRM was defined as multidimensional, consisting of employee staffing, staff development, performance management, and compensation and benefits. Partial least squares structural equation modeling [PLS-SEM 3.2] was used to estimate the effects.

Results

The HRM practices of performance management and compensation and benefits showed a direct and positive influence on SOP. Looking at indirect relationships, all four dimensions of HRM practices were positively related to OI [product, process, and knowledge innovation], which, in turn, was positively related to SOP. Organizational innovation was thus shown to play a mediating role between HRM and SOP.

Conclusion

The study emphasizes that the banking sector of China consists of many employees who maintain old styles of working, alongside some who attempt to take on the new innovative working mechanisms and engage with staff development programs. This latter group of personnel make a valuable contribution to SOP. Moreover, the effect on organizational dynamics of implementing HRM practices aids in bringing about innovations in processes, products, and knowledge.

Keywords: human resource management practices, organizational innovation, sustainable organizational performance

Introduction

Human resource development is a central part of restructuring organizations, whether the aim is to develop organizational infrastructure, improve business processes, or increase knowledge, innovativeness or other organizational parameters. In dynamic organizational environments, the rewards stemming from investments in human resources are recognized by academics and practitioners. This is especially true in the current era with its emphasis on innovative, knowledge-based organizations. In this context, human resource development plays an especially important role in achieving sustainable organizational performance [SOP].1 While there have been many attempts to determine the intervening constructs for this relationship, this study uses a more synthesized framework to uncover new insights.

Since the inception of organizational human resources, HRM practices have aimed at the acquisition, development, and motivation of employees as a key to attaining SOP. Barney [1991] argued that human resource practices are the key to attaining SOP and that HRM practices should, therefore, be treated as a central part of organizational strategy. Many theories in the extant literature support this notion that staff are to be treated as an integral resource of any organization; most importantly, the resource-based [RBV] and knowledge-based [KBV] theories have both presented this argument, and weighted human resources equal with other organizational resources in generating SOP.2 Organizational managers have responded over recent decades by adopting a range of human resource practices to support their business performance, including in the areas of employee staffing, performance management, staff development, and compensation and benefits.3 Analysis of these highlighted HRM practices has provided many insights for the field of strategic management, and led to developments in the economics of organizations, firm competitiveness, and the working dynamics of employees.

Organizational innovation [OI] is thought to be another important contributor to SOP. Many researchers have formed the view that encapsulating the attribute of innovation, definitive of the current era of business, is critical to SOP. As organizations are now strongly encouraged to incorporate innovative processes into their business models, much research emphasis is being placed on identifying the contributing factors of innovativeness. In particular, the relationship between HRM practices, OI, and SOP has recently received significant attention in management studies.4–6 According to the literature, certain HRM practices have a positive relationship with sustained organizational innovations,7,8 which also enhance SOP.9 On the basis of these previous research findings, this study takes innovation [in the realms of product, process, and knowledge] as an intervening construct in attaining SOP.10

Despite the strong interest among researchers and practitioners, some gaps remain in establishing the interrelationship of HRM practices, innovativeness and SOP. First, most of the research focuses on the exercise of innovation in developed countries, with studies undertaken in Europe, the USA, Japan, Singapore, Korea, New Zealand, and Russia.11–20 Meaningful research results and insights are in their infancy for emerging economies. Second, firms in the banking sector, including financial institutions and other related organizations, are showing an inclination toward innovation, but are not a major focus of the literature. Third, a few studies have examined the direct relationship between HRM practices and OI or between HRM practices and SOP,21,22 but the three-way relationship between HRM practices, OI, and SOP is unexplored. Especially, studies have not considered OI as an intervening construct between HRM practices and SOP.

Based on the above-mentioned research impetus, the purpose of this study is to address these gaps in the framework of the RBV and KBV theories. This study emphasizes the intervening constructs of innovation to provide new dimensions for subscribing to sustainable organizational performance. Within the developed research framework the study addresses the following research questions:

RQ1. How do HRM practices [employee staffing, staff development, performance management, and compensation and benefits] bring about sustainable organizational performance [SOP]?

RQ2. How does organizational innovation [product, process, and knowledge innovation] intervene in the relationship between HRM practices and sustainable organizational performance [SOP]?

The remainder of paper is organized as follows. Section 2 is devoted to the conceptual background. Section 3 frames the hypotheses and outlines the theoretical framework. Section 4 addresses the methodology. Section 5 presents the results of the data analysis. Sections 6 and 7 conclude the study and provide a discussion of the results and their implications, and suggestions for future research directions.

Literature Review

Background Of HRM Practices In China

Organizations in emerging countries are becoming aware of HRM practices and their importance. In China, a number of scholars have discussed the practical and theoretical issues with the implementation of HRM practices in modern Chinese firms. Wang23 addressed the concept of HRM in Chinese culture, borrowing the concept of HRM from theories of organizational psychology, and presented his insights to Chinese firms.24 Many HRM practices were also brought about in the mid-1990s by national changes, such as greater concern with the welfare of employees and changes in labor laws and regulations. Performance-based compensation, fixed-term employment contracts, employee relations and succession planning were introduced in this period. In the late-1990s, Chinese firms came to realize that their HRM practices required several changes to promote innovation.25 Since then, HRM practices have been extensively applied in Chinese firms from the perspective of innovativeness. However, the traditional economic systems did not necessarily provide support to changes in the labor market in China. Additionally, multinational organizations started investing in Chinese organizations toward the end of the 1990s, and these investments brought Western capital, corporate cultures, and management styles to Chinese firms. The organizational dynamism brought to China by organizations from developed countries opened the door for researchers to examine HRM in the Chinese context.26 At the beginning of the 21st century, dynamic reforms in HRM-practices were launched in the international market that affected the Chinese labor market. China became a member of the WTO [World Trade Organization] in December 2001,27 which brought many reforms into the Chinese economy and created a complex market and operational environment. These reforms further brought modern HRM practices into Chinese firms.28

Concept Of Human Resource Management [HRM]

HRM can be defined as the policies and practices required to perform the routines of human resources in an organization, such as employee staffing, staff development, performance management, compensation management, and encouraging employee involvement in decision making.29 Foss and Lyngsie [2011] give the following reasons for engaging in HRM practices: first, to assign duties to employees and teams; second, to develop and publicize incentives for knowledge sharing, individual achievements, and benefit sharing; third, as a medium for intra-organization information sharing about practices like job rotation and knowledge sharing; fourth, to generate internal and external training opportunities for employees; and last, to carry out retention, recruitment, and promotion policies to fulfill the organization’s HR needs. The last two of these tasks are considered part of conventional HRM practice, whereas the first three are more modern HRM roles.30

HRM practices are considered significant to attaining an organization’s goals and gaining a competitive advantage.31 The success of any organization depends upon many factors, but RBV considers employees to be the most important resource. Organizations can achieve SOP by encapsulating the benefits of good HRM practices and innovation in routine business processes.32 Past research has discussed these practices in the perspective of VRIN [“valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and non-substitutable”] resources, arguing that these qualities of human resources contribute to SOP.4,33 This means that HRM implementations are becoming critical to organizations. Management personnel are taking a keen interest in their organization’s ability to exercise HRM practices to positively shape the working conduct of employees and fully utilize their capacity to deliver innovative business processes, help to meet organizational objectives, and ultimately realize SOP.34

Therefore, the authors believe that HRM practices play a dual role in SOP. On the one hand, HRM practices and policies are used to manage and to organize the work, incorporating the organization’s basic structure. HRM practices and policies serve to manage and employ people by incorporating individual administration tasks and the development of new procedures, either in consultation with or communicated to individuals and teams within the organization.35 On the other hand, diverse HRM implementations can also be viewed as significant to support and stimulate creativity, primarily by empowering the sovereignty of workers and consequently giving rise to novel procedures.36 With this dual role of HRM practices in mind, it is not just a question of managing work and representing business structures, there is also the potential for HRM to unlock the imagination of personnel. Therefore, it is conceivable that HRM practices and policies could be utilized to bring about innovativeness and thus create an innovation-driven path toward SOP.37

Organizational Innovation [OI]

Since the inception of the Industrial Revolution, innovation has been considered an advantageous attribute for many organizations. OI provides a point of difference for those organizations that can viably use innovative systems to attain benefits and increase market share.38 OI has been defined as “the acceptance of behavior or an idea to create value for the organization”.39 This entails that organizational advancement involves the appropriation of ideas from outside the organization and the generation of ideas within. Moreover, the literature suggests that organizations not only create ideas but also develop, and ultimately implements these ideas.40 Ideas need to be followed up with implementation, which spans commencement, execution, and determination.41 Damanpour [1996] therefore argues that innovation in an organization means the successful implementation of unique ideas for product development, processes development and knowledge development.42 Innovation also improves existing corporate practices through structural changes, improving organizational methods, and re-engineering management strategies.43 OI applied to organizational design and structure can leads to improved intra-organizational coordination and cooperation instruments.44

In this study, we adopt the classification of OI by Bruton & White45 into product, process, and knowledge innovation. Product innovation introduces goods and related tangible or intangible services that have significantly new and improved characteristics or projected usage.46 Process innovation is the implementation of significantly new and improved means of delivering production.47 Knowledge innovation draws on the facts, information, and skills acquired by employees through their experiences and available resources.34 Without creative ideas arising from employees, there is unlikely to be any innovation in an organization.

Sustainable Organizational Performance [SOP]

Sustainability, an ongoing concern for several developing economies, enterprises and organizations, is an approach to attaining organizational performance.48 The United Nations characterizes sustainable development as that which “meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.49 The SOP of an organization is mainly based on the execution of the firm’s plans of action, and involves the ideal positioning of its services and products amongst its competitors. Sustainability is seen as productive to the organization, such that sustainability is not just an idea but an ideology that posits a congruity of ecological, societal, and economic concerns.50 Emphasizing sustainability throughout an organization will have an influence on elements of HRM.50,51 Firms accomplish sustainability partly by encouraging OI [in terms of product, process, and knowledge innovation] and pursuing human development-based business models. Organizations can make sustainable plans of action by acquiring information about their markets, customers, competitors, and future advances. Given that OI involves the acceptance of new ideas to create value, it therefore serves as a pivotal factor for SOP.

Organizational performance [OP] is one of the most highly researched outcome variables in the management literature.52,53 Some researchers exclusively focus on the narrow financial performance of the organization while some focus on the larger economic performance of the organization.54 However, in this study, we select SOP as an outcome variable. Increasingly, sustainability in organizations is being defined more broadly, and incorporates the economic, social and environmental effects of the organization’s production processes. SOP involves consistent financial success, maintaining the organization’s image, and sustainability-related outcomes.55 Furthermore, Wiggins and Ruefli [2002] argue that SOP represents an organization’s capacity to achieve and sustain competitive advantages over time.

Hypotheses Framing And Theoretical Framework

In this study, the proposed model highlights that HRM practices can bring about an advancement in SOP through OI [product, process, and knowledge innovation]. HRM practices and OI have long been major concerns among researchers and practitioners for their role in producing OP. HRM practices are being treated as an agent of competitive advantage,56 and diverse effects on OP have been claimed by researchers in the field of HRM.57,58 The RBV contends that the execution of HRM-practices may make a significant difference to OP.59 In dynamic business environments, HRM practices have an impact on the innovativeness of firms and constitute essential tools for firms to improve their SOP. Therefore, the authors of the present study contend that OI mediates the connection between HRM practices and SOP, and seek to explore the mediated effect of OI on the relationship between several HRM practices and SOP. The current study analyzes these relationships empirically and highlights the impact of HRM practices on SOP through OI in an emerging nation. This study also complements previous work by clarifying the role of HRM practices in shaping the OI that lead to SOP.

It is well established that firms can attain SOP by expanding their financial status when contrasted with their competitors. In fact, SOP has been defined as “the ability of a firm to generate a higher amount of economic worth than the economic worth of their competitors.”60 However, SOP might also be evaluated in relation to the human resources of a firms’ competitors. It is now common practice for organizations to painstakingly analyze their HRM-practices against their competitors due to help them to achieve SOP.61 It is a challenging task for organizations to sustain their performance through human resources, but an inclusive strategy can enable organizations to face this challenge.62 SOP needs to be considered with the end goal of making it one of a kind for a particular firm; otherwise, opponents can duplicate the business processes, thus opening the door for a loss of SOP. As Barney2 argues, SOP requires VRIN resources, and the persistence of these traits ought to be confirmed to make SOP feasible.

Existing literature explains that HRM practices have a significant relationship with OI [product, process, and knowledge innovation] and sustainable outcomes for an organization.57,63 The key purpose of HRM practices is to achieve organizational goals through personnel and generating competitiveness within the organization.64 However, firms are also in dire need of inventive employees who are flexible, risk taking, quick to make decisions and tolerant of different kinds of uncertainty.65 Based on RBV and KBV theory, some scholars claim that workers’ observations of a firm’s high commitment to HRM practices have deep-rooted influences on employees’ productivity in working toward organizational performance.66 Furthermore, employee creativity enhances OI, which can then help the organization to improve SOP.67 Based on these ideas, the proposed research model of the study is shown in Figure 1, which demonstrates all of the hypotheses.

Proposed research model.

Note: Arrows indicate hypothesized positive relationship. Solid arrows suggest a direct relationship and dashed arrows suggest an indirect relationship in the model.

HRM Practices And SOP

A large number of HRM researchers have highlighted the positive relationship between HRM practices [employee staffing, staff development, performance management, and compensation and benefits] and SOP.61,68,69 Multiple studies have also been designed and published on the specific topic of effective HRM practices and their effects on SOP; these also support the existence of a positive relationship.70 RBV theory also supports the notion that organizational resources are very important for sustainable success, and HRM is key among all resources of an organization.71 Furthermore, RBV states that different capabilities and organizational resources positively affect the sustainability of organizational outcomes.72 Some scholars with a universalistic approach have argued that HRM practices collectively improve SOP,73 and recommend the use of HRM practices to enhance financial, operational, and organizational performance.14 Others suggest that particular forms of HRM practices promote SOP, such as profit sharing and result-oriented performance appraisals,74 or selective recruitment and the practices of staff development and compensation and benefits.14 These findings have greatly helped in understanding the relationships between various HRM practices and SOP. Thus, the positive relationship between HRM practices with SOP is predicted with the following hypothesis:

H1a. Employee staffing positively influences sustainable organizational performance

H1b. Staff development positively influences sustainable organizational performance

H1c. Performance management positively influences sustainable organizational performance

H1d. Compensation and benefits positively influences sustainable organizational performance

HRM Practices And Organizational Innovation

Human resources are a set of knowledge, skills, and expertise that people have, and are an important source of competitive advantage and organizational performance.75 Chen and Huang [2009] suggest that HRM practices are effective in changing the attitudes, capacities, and behaviors of employees to attain the organizational goals in more efficient and effective ways. However, they argue that when companies are involved in innovative activities, they encounter relatively more uncertainty in the practice of innovation. According to the contemporary view of theory in management studies, different approaches are taken to innovation in human resources through managerial skills, attitudes, and abilities.76 These skills include attitude, education, and interpersonal attributes, such as social behavior and assertiveness. Further, it is ultimately the ability to innovate that gives the HRM framework the capacity to generate value for the organization.59 Organizational outcomes emerge from HRM practices that push people towards creativity and sustainable organizational development.58 This literature indicates that HRM practices and OI both have a positive and significant relationship to SOP.

Employee staffing and retention policies assure the flow of valuable high-standard employees into advanced organizations.74 Human capital is the backbone of any organization that seeks to add creativity through employee staffing. OI and organizational knowledge also have a close relation. It is evident that OI is reliant upon the firm’s knowledge, which starts by recruiting talented employees.77 If the firm recruits the right people for the right jobs, they will play key roles in innovation. Thus, successful organizations establish a pool of innovative teams that carefully recruit employees and make the competitive recruiting network environment work for sustainably developing the organization.78 Past literature shows that employee staffing has a positive and significant relationship with OI [product, process, and knowledge innovation].34 In this spirit, we hypothesize the following in relation to employee staffing practices:

H2a. Employee staffing positively influences product innovation

H2b. Employee staffing positively influences process innovation

H2c. Employee staffing positively influences knowledge innovation

According to RBV, OI [product, process, and knowledge innovation] is central to achieving SOP.79 Organizations that offer advanced products to their target markets, capture new customers and enhance employee performance generate sustainable competitive advantages.80 If HRM practices support OI and innovation supports SOP, then OI has a direct connection or nexus with employee performance management.81 Studies have repeatedly shown that performance management as positively associated with OI.71,82 Hence, a positive association of performance management with OI is predicted in the following hypotheses:

H3a. Performance management positively influences product innovation

H3b. Performance management positively influences process innovation

H3c. Performance management positively influences knowledge innovation

Employees with extensive expertise, skills, and knowledge bring innovation to organizations.83 OI therefore requires the broad application of staff development techniques.84 Laursen and Foss [2003]found that OI had a positive relationship with internal and external staff development practices. A number of researchers have shown that staff development practices are positively connected with OI, but that characteristics of the employees moderate this association. For example, it has been suggested that not all employees will respond to staff development initiatives in the same way: employees who plan to remain for longer in the organization will participate more positively than those who are temporary.85 Thus, the positive relationship between staff development practices and OI is predicted in the following hypotheses:

H4a. Staff development positively influences product innovation

H4b. Staff development positively influences process innovation

H4c. Staff development positively influences knowledge innovation

Compensation and benefits practices affect the behavior of employees and OI [product, process, and knowledge innovation]. According to abilities, motivation, and opportunities theory [AMO], compensation and benefits form a part of the motivation goal of HR practices, affecting attitudes at work and bringing creativity to organizations.86 Firms attract skilled workers through attractive compensation and benefits packages and innovative rewards systems.1 The compensation and benefits system affects innovation in three ways: first, by attracting innovative employees to the organization and retaining them; second, by giving employees a general sense of motivation that then makes them more likely to engage in creative behavior; and third, by offering specific motivators, such as recognition, special incentives, and merits for creative ideas.36 In line with these three ways that compensation and benefits practices can have a positive and significant association with OI, the following hypotheses are proposed:

H5a. Compensation and benefit positively influence product innovation

H5b. Compensation and benefit positively influences process innovation

H5c. Compensation and benefit positively influence knowledge innovation

Organizational Innovation And Sustainable Organizational Performance

A large number of scholars have developed theoretical models and concepts to bring out the relationship between OI [product, process, and knowledge innovation] and SOP. There is clear evidence that OI has a positive relationship with SOP.79,84,87–91 The literature consistently argues that innovation in firms affects financial and administrative performance.92 Also, new product development and new services deployment can increase profitability and SOP.46 OI is strong in organizations that strive to break through, change the status quo, and develop new products, processes, and knowledge.93 These arguments suggest that each of the three forms of OI [product, process, and knowledge] are positively related to SOP, which leads to the following hypotheses:

H6a. Product innovation positively influences sustainable organizational performance

H6b. Process innovation positively influences sustainable organizational performance

H6c. Knowledge innovation positively influences sustainable organizational performance

Mediating Effect Of Organizational Innovation

Most of the studies reviewed above indicate that OI has a direct effect on OP. However, Volberda, Van Den Bosch, and Heij94 suggest in their study that OI plays a mediating role between HRM practices and SOP. Similarly, Tsang and Zahra [2008] confirm that organizational innovations are influenced by HRM practices, and then in turn enhance SOP.95 Extant literature demonstrates that OI serves as a key mediator between HRM practices and SOP.96 Hence, the following hypothesis is put forward:

H7. Organizational innovation [product, process, and knowledge innovation] mediates between the relationship of HRM practices [employee performance, staff development, employee staffing, and compensation and benefits] and sustainable organizational performance

Research Methods

The banking sector in the emerging country of China is selected as the site of this study for the following reasons. Most studies related to this subject have been conducted in advanced countries, with relatively very few studies conducted in emerging countries with different OP perspectives. Recently, China has undergone much development in HRM practices, which creates an impetus for this research. While there is extensive utilization of modern HRM practices across Chinese companies, the banking sector is a major domain for innovation and constitutes a good site for this research, as well as being readily accessible to the authors.

Questionnaire Design

A questionnaire survey was used for this study, which is a common methodology to collect a wide range of responses in empirical research. Thirty-one items were included in the questionnaire, each offering respondents choices from a 5-point Likert scale. The items used in this research were adapted from related literature. With the exception of process innovation, each of the HRM practices [employee staffing, staff development, performance management, compensation and benefits] and fields of innovation[product innovation and knowledge innovation] were measured with four items, in line with the literature.25,34,60,64,98,99 SOP was measured with three items.60 A pilot test of 20 participants with similar demographics as the final sample was performed to test the usability of the questionnaire. After making some minor corrections, it was confirmed that all of the items were well understood and the respondents had filled out the questionnaires successfully. The detail of the questionnaire [research instrument] and factor loading of each item is showing in the Appendix.

Data Collocation

The data were collected from 20 Shanghai branches of five Chinese banks that exercise modern HRM practices and have incorporated modern innovation mechanisms into their businesses. Due to data confidentiality, we report the selected banks as Bank A, B, C, D, and E. The author distributed 365 questionnaires among banking employees, 15 of which were rejected because the banks were not proven to be appropriate for the survey. The final sample consists of 350 responses.

Measures

The items for employee staffing [ES] were adopted from Ngo, Lau, and Foley [2008].25 Four items were used marked on a 5-point Likert scale [ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree]. Sample items included “Our organization staff selection process is rigorous,” and “Our organizational selection is based on the expertise and skills set of potential candidates.” Cronbach’s alpha for employee staffing was 0.805 [see Table 2].

Table 2

Construct Reliability And Validity

Staff development [SD] items were adopted from Lu et al98 and Chen and Huang [2009].34 Four items were used marked on a 5-point Likert Scale [ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree]. Sample items included “In our organization, on-the-job training is more important than formal,” and “Our organization has formal training activities.” Cronbach’s alpha for staff development was 0.717 [see Table 2].

Performance management [PM] also used four items, adapted from Ali et al, Molleman and Timmerman,100 and Ngo et al.25 All items were marked on a 5-point Likert scale [ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree]. Sample items included “Employees behavior is an important factor for performance appraisal,” and “Employees who perform insufficiently carry less salary.” Cronbach’s alpha for performance management was 0.783 [see Table 2].

Compensation and benefits [CB] used four items developed by Molleman and Timmerman.100 All items were marked on a 5-point Likert scale [ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree]. Sample items included “Our compensation package is more competitive than other organizations in the same industry,” and “Our remuneration package is intended to promote employee retention.” Cronbach’s alpha for compensation and benefits was 0.810 [see Table 2].

Product innovation [PDIn] used four items developed by Chen and Huang34 and Prifti and Alimehmeti [2017].99 All items were marked on a 5-point Likert scale [ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree]. Sample items included “In comparison with competitors, our organization has introduced more innovative products and services during the past three years,” and “We manage to cope with market demands and develop new products and services quickly through innovativeness.” Cronbach’s alpha for product innovation was 0.766 [see Table 2].

Process innovation [PCIn] was measured by three items adapted from Chen and Huang [2009].34 However, the measurement of work productivity was modified according to the needs of this research. Work productivity was calculated by averaging the items to ensure higher scale values represent higher levels of productivity. Sample items included, “New or significantly innovative processes improve of organizational services,” and “Our organization facilities new innovative processes to improve quality and cost reduction.” Cronbach’s alpha for process innovation was 0.843 [see Table 2].

Knowledge innovation [KIn] used four items developed by Akram, Goraya, Malik, and Aljarallah [2018].60 All items were marked on a 5-point Likert scale [ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree]. Sample items included “Our organization has knowledge-based processes,” and “There exist formal processes in our organization to share the best practice among the different fields of activities.” Cronbach’s alpha for knowledge innovation was 0.917 [see Table 2].

Sustainable organizational performance [SOP] is the dependent variable, for which we used three items developed by Akram et al [2018].60 All items were marked on a 5-point Likert scale [ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree]. Sample items included “Our creative products/services incorporate the concepts of environmental sustainability and organizational knowledge,” and “During production and service supply, our operational cost is low compared to our competitors.” Cronbach’s alpha for SOP was 0.791 [see Table 2].

Demographics

The selected banks were already exercising modern HRM-practices and aware of the innovation mechanisms that these practices bring about in achieving SOP. The majority of the respondents were male [54.6% males and 45.4% females]; 30% of respondents had less than five years of work experience, 31.9% had 5–10 years, and 31.1% more than ten years; 16% of respondents were senior managers, 44.3% were middle managers, and 38.9% were administrative staff; 30.6% were under the age of 35 years, 28.3% were 35–44 years old, and 9.7% were aged more than 44 years; 41.7% had completed undergraduate studies, 45.7% graduate, and 12.6% post-graduate. Five major Chinese banks were considered for this study, with the distribution of the sample being as follows: Bank A, 21.7%, Bank B, 18.9%, Bank C, 20%, Bank D, 19.1%, and Bank E, 20.3%. The data are sufficient to run a path analysis in SmartPLS. Previous studies have had comparable sample characteristics.95,101 Table 1 displays the demographic statistics of respondents. A comprehensive research methodology flowchart is shown as Figure 2.

Table 1

Demographics

Research methodology flowchart.

Analysis And Results

A partial least squares structural equation modeling [PLS-SEM 3.2] approach was used to analyze the relationships drawn from the theoretical framework.102 The reason for selecting a variance-based structural equation modeling [SmartPLS] approach is that it is comparatively less sensitive to sample size when compared to covariance-based SEM approaches like AMOS.103 We first examined the reliability and validity of the scales.104 Table 2 presents the results of testing for the reliability and validity of all constructs. The reliability measures [i.e., Cronbach’s alpha, rho_A, and composite reliability] for all constructs were found to be greater than the threshold of 0.7,105 and the AVE of each construct was greater than the threshold of 0.5.106

To further test the reliability of constructs used and their specified convergent validity, discriminant validity was checked.106 For this purpose, the square root of the AVE for each construct should be higher than the shared variance among constructs. Table 3 shows the diagonal values in bold to be higher than the inter-construct correlation values. The discriminant validity was therefore recognized.

Table 3

Discriminant Validity Of Contructs

Hypotheses Testing

Hypothesis testing was done through the bootstrapping mechanism in SmartPLS.102 Table 4 demonstrates the direct effects in the theoretical framework along with t-values and p-values. The results indicated that PM and CB positively influences SOP [β=0.278, p SOP −0.009 0.243 0.808 Gender -> SOP 0.062 1.675 0.094

Mediated Effects

In order to test the mediating effects of PDIn, PCIn, and KIn we first checked the indirect effects of ES, SD, PM, and CB on SOP, with the results shown in Table 5. Indirect effects were found for ES on SOP [β= 0.110, p