Difference between cash and accrual accounting
The difference between cash basis and accrual basis accounting comes down to timing. When do you record revenue or expenses? If you do it when you pay or receive money, it’s cash basis accounting. If you do it when you get a bill or raise an invoice, it’s accrual basis accounting.
Accrual accounting is a far more powerful tool for managing a business, but cash accounting has its uses.
What is cash basis accounting?
Businesses that use cash basis accounting recognise income and expenses only when money changes hands. They don’t count sent invoices as income, or bills as expenses – until they’ve been settled.
Despite the name, cash basis accounting has nothing to do with the form of payment you receive. You can be paid electronically and still do cash accounting.
Benefits of cash accounting
- It’s simple and shows how much money you have on hand
- You only have to pay tax on money you’ve received, rather than on invoices you’ve issued, which can help cash flow [but not all businesses are allowed to use cash basis accounting for tax so check with your tax office]
Downsides of cash accounting
- It’s not accurate – it could show you as profitable just because you haven’t paid your bills
- It doesn’t help when you’re making management decisions, as you only have a day-to-day view of finances
What is accrual basis accounting?
Businesses that use accrual accounting recognise income as soon as they raise an invoice for a customer. And when a bill comes in, it’s recognised as an expense even if payment won’t be made for another 30 days.
Benefits of accrual accounting
- You have a much more accurate picture of business performance and finances
- You can make financial decisions with far more confidence
- It can sometimes be easier to pitch for long-term finance
Downsides of accrual accounting
- It’s more work because you have to watch invoices, not just your bank account
- You may have to pay tax on income before the customer has actually paid you – if the customer reneges on the invoice, you can claim the tax back on your next return
Hybrid methods of accounting
Some types of businesses use a hybrid accounting system. They may base big financial decisions and things like loan applications on accrual accounting but use cash-basis accounting to simplify some elements of their tax. There are lots of rules around who can and can’t do this. Speak to an accountant or tax professional to find out what applies to you.
Accrual accounting gives a better indication of business performance because it shows when income and expenses occurred. If you want to see if a particular month was profitable, accrual will tell you. Some businesses like to also use cash basis accounting for certain tax purposes, and to keep tabs on their cash flow. But it’s rare to use cash accounting on its own.
And while it’s true that accrual accounting requires more work, technology can do most of the heavy lifting for you. You can set up accounting software to read your bills and enter the numbers straight into your expenses on an accrual basis. It will also record your invoices as income as you raise them. And if you run a hybrid accounting system, smart software will allow you to switch between cash basis and accrual basis whenever you need.
Definition of Accrual Method
The accrual method of accounting reports revenues on the income statement when they are earned even if the customer will pay 30 days later.
The accrual method of accounting also requires that expenses and losses be reported on the income statement when they occur even if payment will take place 30 days later.
The accrual method of accounting, which is also known as the accrual basis of accounting, is required for large corporations. [The cash method of accounting may be used by individuals and some small companies.] The accrual method and the associated adjusting entries will result in a more complete and accurate reporting of a company's assets, liabilities, equity, and a more accurate reporting of its revenues, expenses, and earnings during each accounting period.
Example of the Accrual Method
Assume that a company sells $48,000 of merchandise on May 15, but allows the customer to pay on June 15. On May 15, the company will credit its income statement account Sales and will debit its current asset account Accounts Receivable. [When the customer pays on June 15, the company will debit Cash and will credit Accounts Receivable.]
Assume the company had a $10,000 plumbing repair done on May 31 and is told the amount will be $10,000 but the bill will not be received until June 3 and payment will be due on June 13. On May 31, the company will debit Repairs and Maintenance Expense for $10,000 and will credit the liability account Accrued Expenses [or Accounts Payable]. [On June 13, the company will credit Cash and will debit the liability account.]