Ethics is the study of human conduct and values [Henry, 1996]. Therefore, ensuring subject welfare should be the researchers primary concern, however, due to unethical studies in the past such as the Tuskegee Experiment, the Belmont Report was created to ensure subject welfare. The Belmont Report sets out basic ethical guidelines for the conduct of scientific research with human subjects. The report identifies three moral principles that must guide all human subjects research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
Respect for persons is the overriding universal principle, in that the other major principles relate closely to it [Henry, 1996]. The term ‘person’ may be viewed as a moral term, like the term ‘good’ [Henry, 1996]. The idea of respect means that persons are valued for themselves. Respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical principles: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection [The Office of Human Subjects Research].
In most cases of research involving human subjects, respect for persons demands that subjects enter into the research voluntarily and with adequate information. However, there are times, in which the application of the principle is not apparent. The Office of Human Subjects Research provides the example about the involvement of prisoners as subjects of research. On the one hand, it would seem that the principle of respect for persons requires that prisoners not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research, however, under prison conditions they may be slyly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in research activities for which they would not otherwise volunteer [Office of Human Subjects Research, 2006]. As a result, the issue that arises is whether to continue to allow individuals who are looking for participants who are in need of money or some sort of aid, to either continue to let them volunteer or protect them.
Henry, C.[1996]. Taking an ethical position on standards. British Journal Of Guidance & Counselling, 24[1], 35-43.
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Office of Human Subjects Research. [2006]. Regulations and Ethical Guidelines: The Belmont Report [Data file]. Retrieved from //ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/belmont.html
Research ethics for lab-based psychology experiments are relatively well-establish. Research ethics for online field experiments, on the other hand, are still a subject of great disagreement, as was illustrated by the recent debates over the Facebook emotional contagion experiment. Because the tools of digital experimentation will evolve more quickly than shared norms about research ethics, we are likely to
continue to confront disagreements about research ethics for some time to come. When making decisions about the ethics of our own research — and having debates about research ethics in the digital age more broadly — researchers should make use of existing principles of ethical research that have already been developed. Although the specific ethical issues that we face are new, the general problems are very old. One excellent source of existing wisdom about research ethics is the
Belmont Report, which was published in 1979. Commissioned by the US Government in response to ethical failures in medical research, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the Belmont Report was written by a panel of experts and proposes three principles that should underlying the ethical conduct of research involving
human subjects: 1] Respect for persons; 2] Beneficence; and 3] Justice. These three principles, which are somewhat abstract in the Report, were later operationalized into the the detailed rules and procedures that make up the Common Rule, which governs research at US universities. When facing a research ethics challenge, going back to these three principles can often be very helpful. The Belmont Report argues that respect for persons consists of two distinct principles: individuals should be treated as autonomous and individuals with diminished autonomy should be entitled to additional protections. The principle of respect for persons is interpreted to mean that researchers should, if possible, receive informed consent from participants, and the Belmont Report identifies three elements of informed consent: information, comprehension, and
voluntariness. That is, respect for persons implies that participants should be presented with relevant information in a comprehensible format and then should voluntarily agree to participate. Beneficence can roughly be understood to mean having the interests of research participants in mind. The principle of beneficence is behind efforts by researchers to minimize risks to participants and maximize benefits to participants and society. For example,
when considering a research design, the principle of beneficence should cause us to ask if there is another way that we could obtain the same knowledge but with lower risks to participants.
- Justice
The principle of justice addresses the distribution of the burdens and benefits of research. That is, it should not be the case that one group in society bears the costs of research while another group reaps its benefits. Issues of justice arise most strongly around questions about the selection of participants.
Applying these three principles to specific ethical situations can be difficult, and the principles sometimes come into conflict. However, even if they do not lead to clear decisions in all cases, keeping these three principles in mind helps clarify the issues.
Update: If you would like to read more about the ethics of social research, you can read Chapter 6 of my book Bit by Bit: Social Research in the Digital Age.