Recent statistics indicate that overweight and obesity have become an increasingly serious clinical and socioeconomic problem worldwide, and one of the greatest public health challenges of our time. In the United States, 133.6 million [66%] adults are overweight or obese [body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2], with 63.3 million [31.4%] considered to be obese [BMI ≥30 kg/m2]. The International Obesity Task Force estimates that worldwide at least 1.1 billion adults are overweight, including 312 million who are obese. Overweight and obese patients are at an increased risk for developing numerous cardiometabolic complications, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as conditions such as osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, hepatobiliary diseases, and certain types of cancers. Owing to the major health risks and complications associated with obesity, which negatively affect quality of life and reduce average life expectancy, in addition to placing an enormous burden on health care resources, the treatment of overweight and obesity is a public health imperative. Treatment must begin with long-term lifestyle changes, including increased physical activity and dietary modifications. For overweight and obese individuals for whom lifestyle changes alone are insufficient, pharmacotherapy may be added. However, patients who choose adjunctive pharmacotherapy should be advised of the risks and benefits of drug therapy, the lack of long-term safety data, and the temporary and modest nature of the weight loss that can be achieved with these agents. Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment option for morbidly obese patients or obese patients with multiple comorbidities who have not been successful in achieving sufficient weight loss with nonsurgical approaches. However, appropriate candidates for bariatric surgery must also be committed to long-term lifestyle changes.
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2021, Journal of Ethnopharmacology Show abstractNavigate Down The seed of Senna obtusifolia [L.] H. S. Irwin & Barneby [Cassiae semen, CS] also known as Jue ming zi in China, has been traditionally used for weight management by purging the liver and improving the liver functions to support digestion. In the past decades, it has been used for hepatoprotection and treatment of overweight and other metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidaemia and diabetes. This review aimed at providing comprehensive information on the traditional usages, pharmacology, phytochemistry and toxicology of CS and critically exploring its potential usage for clinical weight management from both traditional and modern application perspectives. In order to fully understand the properties, actions and indications of CS, two sets of Chinese classical texts were searched, namely: Zhong Hua Yi Dian [Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine] and Zhong Guo Ben Cao Quan Shu [Complete Collection of Traditional Texts on Chinese Materia Medica]. The purpose of studying these classical texts was to determine the traditional use of CS in weight management. Comprehensive searches were also performed on seven databases for publications on original randomised clinical trials [RCT], in vivo, in vitro or in silico studies related to pharmacological effects of CS. Detailed information about the phytochemistry of CS was collected from books, encyclopedia, online databases and journal literature. In classical literature review, 89 classic texts provided information of properties, actions and indications of CS. In modern literature review, 44 studies were included for analysis, including 5 RCTs, 7 in vivo studies, 14 in vitro studies, 2 in silico studies and 16 studies of mixed types. Chinese classic literature has provided traditional evidence of the usage of CS for weight management. Contemporary studies have revealed that CS has weight loss effects and possesses some other pharmacological activities supporting weight management. Some chemical compounds of CS have been hypothesised to have a direct or indirect contribution to weight control. The relationships between chemical compounds and the corresponding weight-loss target proteins are not fully understood. Therefore, CS constituents should be further explored for the development of novel therapeutic or preventive agents for the treatment of overweight and obesity. 2018, Clinical Nutrition Citation Excerpt : Increasing prevalence of overweightness and obesity makes diabetes a global public health problem [1]. Show abstractNavigate Down It has been reported that people may respond differently to the same environmental changes because of genome variations. The main purpose of the present study is to determine gene–diet interactions between −265T>C apolipoprotein A-II polymorphisms and evaluate the effect of weight loss on parameters related to HDL function. In the present study, 56 overweight and obese type 2 diabetic patients were chosen from 697 genotype-specified subjects. After matching for gender, age and BMI, an equal number of patients were chosen for each genotype of APOA-II [TT/TC and CC group]. After six-week calorie restriction programme, 44 patients completed the study. Serum paraoxonase-1 [PON1], paraoxonase-3 [PON3], pentraxin-3 [PTX3], and PTX3 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between two genotypes and also before and after the intervention separated in each genotype. The mean differences of PON enzymes and PTX3 between groups were not significant at the baseline. After weight loss, the mean weight, BMI and serum concentration of PON1 and PON3 decreased significantly and PTX3 increased in total population. Although, the mean differences of PON enzymes and PTX3 between two groups were not significant. However, in comparison of mean differences within the groups, decreased PON3 and increased PTX3 have been observed only in TT group. A comparison of the mean differences in PON3 and PTX3 within two genotype groups showed that T allele carriers are more sensitive to lifestyle modification, and serum PON3 and PTX3 levels significantly changed only in the TT/TC group. 2022, Electronic Journal of General Medicine 2022, Clinical Nursing Research 2022, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2021, Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic DisordersCited by [69]
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Research article Phytomedicine, Volume 20, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 409-416 Show abstractNavigate Down Sandalwood finds numerous mentions across diverse traditional medicinal systems in use worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant potential of sandalwood oil and its major constituent α-santalol. The in vivo anti-hyperglycemic experiment was conducted in alloxan-induced diabetic male Swiss albino mice models. The in vivo antioxidant experiment was performed in d-galactose mediated oxidative stress induced male Swiss albino mice models. Intraperitoneal administration of α-santalol [100 mg/kg BW] and sandalwood oil [1 g/kg BW] for an week modulated parameters such as body weight, blood glucose, serum bilirubin, liver glycogen, and lipid peroxides contents to normoglycemic levels in the alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Similarly, intraperitoneal administration of α-santalol [100 mg/kg BW] and sandalwood oil [1 g/kg BW] for two weeks modulated parameters such as serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, free sulfhydryl, protein carbonyl, nitric oxide, liver lipid peroxide contents, and antioxidant capacity in d-galactose mediated oxidative stress induced mice. Besides, it was observed that the beneficial effects of α-santalol were well complimented, differentially by other constituents present in sandalwood oil, thus indicating synergism in biological activity of this traditionally used bioresource. Research article Food Chemistry, Volume 177, 2015, pp. 295-303 Show abstractNavigate Down A predictive response surface model for the influences of product [soluble solids and titratable acidity] and process [temperature and heating time] parameters on the degradation of ascorbic acid [AA] in heated simulated fruit juices [SFJs] was established. Physicochemical property ranges of freshly squeezed and processed juices, and a previously established decimal reduction times of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at different heating temperatures were used in establishing a Central Composite Design of Experiment that determined the combinations of product and process variable used in the model building. Only the individual linear effects of temperature and heating time significantly [P Recommended articles [6]
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