What eventually happens when removing the unconditioned stimulus from being paired with the conditioned stimulus?
Think Like a Psychologist: Principles in Action Show
MACHINE The mind is a product of a physical machine, the brain. In animals, fear conditioning such as Little Albert experienced is the result of changes in a brain region called the amygdala. People with damage to the amygdala don’t seem to be afraid of anything, so it would be impossible to induce fear conditioning in them. UNCONSCIOUS We are consciously aware of only a small part of our mental activity. People subjected to classical conditioning report that they do not consciously produce the conditioned response; it seems to happen on its own, in a reflexive fashion. Little Albert’s fearful responses certainly appear reflexive. If Albert Barger was indeed Little Albert, and if his dislike of dogs was a result of Watson’s manipulations, he was unaware of the connection. SOCIAL We constantly modify our behavior, beliefs, and attitudes according to what we perceive about the people around us. Whichever child was the true Little Albert, he was available for Watson’s study because his mother, pregnant out of wedlock, had few options to support them. This was the result of social attitudes at the time, which heaped shame on unwed mothers. Was Watson more willing to conduct his experiment on a child in such circumstances than a child of middle-class parents? EXPERIENCE Our experiences physically alter the structure and function of the brain. Whatever Little Albert’s true name, he became terrified of many furry objects as a result of experiencing the pairing of such stimuli with loud, startling sounds. Indeed, all instances of learning result from experience. It is possible that Albert Barger’s lifelong dislike of dogs was a result of his experiences as an infant. Learning� A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience� Adaptive valueModule 5.1Classical Conditioning: Learning Through AssociationClassical Conditioning� Ivan Pavlov� 1849-1936� Russian physician/ neurophysiologist� Nobel Prize in 1904� studied digestive secretionsClassical Conditioning� Classical Conditioning� organism comes to associate two stimuli� lightning and thunder� tone and food� begins with a reflex� a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes the reflex� neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke the reflexPavlov and his associates at his labPavlov�s Apparatus (Figure 5.1)Components of Classical Conditioning� Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)� effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally- triggers a response� Unconditioned Response (UCR)� unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus� salivation when food is in the mouthComponents of Classical Conditioning� Conditioned Stimulus (CS)� previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response� Conditioned Response (CR)� learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulusComponents of Classical ConditioningNeutral Stimulus (NS)Unconditioned Stimulus (US)Conditioned �Stimulus (CS)Classical Conditioning (Figure 5.2)Let him touch but say: HOT!!!! right before he touchesStages of conditioning� Acquisition� the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened� in classical conditioning, the phase in which a stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response� in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced responseOther Effects� Extinction: CR weakens and disappears when presented in the absence of the US� Spontaneous recovery: CR returns when again exposed to the CS� Stimulus generalization: stimuli similar to CS elicit CR� Stimulus discrimination: stimuli similar but not identical to CS do not elicit CR� Higher-order conditioning: previously neutral stimulus elicits CR after pairing with CS that already elicits CRStrengthened Conditioned Responses� Frequency of pairings� Timing� Intensity of USCognitive Perspective� Rescorla� Conditioning depends on the predictive information of the CS� Predict events in the environment� PreparednessJohn B. Watson� Watson: Little Albert� Conditioned emotional reaction (CER)� viewed psychology as objective science� generally agreed-upon consensus today� recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes� not universally accepted by all schools of thought todayJohn B. WatsonGive me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and by my own specified world to bring them up in and I�ll guarantee to take anyone at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, evenbeggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors� (Watson, 1924, p. 30).Examples of Classical Conditioning� Phobias� Positive emotions� Drug cravings� Conditioned taste aversion� Immune systemModule 5.2Operant Conditioning: Learning Through ConsequencesThorndike and the Law of EffectLaw of Effect� Operant Conditioning� type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment� Law of Effect� Thorndike�s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likelyB. F. Skinner and Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning� Learning�consequences of a response determine the likelihood that it will be repeated� First studied with Skinner box� soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an animal presses or pecks to release a food or water reward� contains a device to record responsesPrinciples of Operant Conditioning� Discriminative stimulus� Signals reinforcement is available� Reinforcement� Positive: reinforce by adding something pleasant� Negative: reinforce by removing something unpleasant� ExtinctionLevels of Reinforcement� Primary reinforcers� Satisfy basic biological needs or drives� Secondary reinforcers� Reinforcement value based on association with primary reinforcersShaping� Method of successive approximations� Reinforce responses that are closer and closer to correct response� Reinforcer� any event that strengthens the behavior it follows� Shaping� conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goalSchedules of Reinforcement� Timing the delivery of reinforcement� Continuous reinforcement� reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs� learning occurs rapidly� extinction occurs rapidlyPartial reinforcement� reinforcing a response only part of the time� results in slower acquisition� greater resistance to extinction� Ratio schedules: fixed or variable� Interval schedules: fixed or variableSchedules of Reinforcement� Fixed Ratio (FR)� reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses� faster you respond the more rewards you get� different ratios� very high rate of responding� like piecework paySchedules of Reinforcement� Variable Ratio (VR)�reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses�average ratios�like gambling, fishing�very hard to extinguish because of unpredictabilitySchedules of Reinforcement� Fixed Interval (FI)� reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed� response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws nearSchedules of Reinforcement� Variable Interval (VI)� reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals� produces slow steady responding� like pop quizSchedules of ReinforcementEscape and Avoidance Learning� Escape learning: escape an aversive stimulus by performing an operant response� Avoidance learning: avoid an aversive stimulus by performing an operant responsePunishment� Consequence that weakens or suppresses a response� Removal of a reinforcing stimulus� Introduction of an aversive stimulusPunishment� Often confused with negative reinforcement� Is NOT the same as negative reinforcement� How are they different?� Punishment� Introduces an aversive stimulus� Weakens a behavior� Negative reinforcement� Removes an aversive stimulus� Strengthens a behaviorDrawbacks of Punishment� May suppress but not eliminate undesirable behavior� Does not teach new behaviors� Can have undesirable consequences� May become abusive� May provide inappropriate modelingApplications of Operant Conditioning� Biofeedback training� Behavior modification� Token economy program� Programmed instruction� Computer-assisted instructionModule 5.3Cognitive Learning� Mental processes� Thinking� Information processing� Problem solving� Mental imagingInsight Learning� Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967)� Experiment with Sultan the chimp� Insight learning - A reorganization of the stimulus elements that yield the solution to a problem� Typically, it occurs when we mentally work through a problem until there is sudden and often novel realization of the solution. Although it might seem as if no progress is being made,� your mind may be subconsciously working to arrive at a solution.� �Aha!� phenomenonLatent LearningObservational Learning� Vicarious learning or modeling� Learn new behaviors through imitation� Example: learned fearsModule 5.4Application: Putting Reinforcement into PracticeApplying Reinforcement� Be specific� Use specific language� Select a reinforcer� Explain the contingency� Apply the reinforcer� Track the desired behavior� Wean from the reinforcerGiving Praise� Make eye contact and smile� Use hugs� Be specific� Reward effort, not outcome� Avoid repeating yourself� Don�t end on a sour noteWhat happens when a conditioned reinforcer is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus?Extinction (in classical conditioning) Reduction of a learned response that occurs because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
What happens when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus?Conditioned Stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus causes a response without any prior learning on the part of the subject. The response is automatic and occurs without thought. In contrast, a conditioned stimulus produces a reaction only after the subject has learned to associate it with a given outcome.
When conditional stimulus is presented and removed before unconditional stimulus is presented?In classical conditioning, delayed pairing involves the conditioned stimulus being presented before the unconditioned stimulus, with both ending simultaneously. This occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented and terminated before the unconditioned stimulus is presented, allowing a time lag between the two.
When a conditioned response disappears because the unconditioned stimulus is removed is called?Extinction is one explanation. In psychology, extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. In other words, the conditioned behavior eventually stops.
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