Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis quizlet?

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Terms in this set [132]

The rapid development of the brain in infancy can be attributed to the

plasticity principle.
differentiation principle.
cephalocaudal principle.
proximodistal principle.

cephalocaudal principle.

The average North American newborn is ______ inches long.

18
20
21.5
22

20

Which of the following is a result of shaken baby syndrome?

ADHD
stunted growth
brain hemorrhaging
inability to go to sleep

brain hemorrhaging

Which of the following studies infants' brain activity related to face processing, perception, attention, and memory by using near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen?

fMRI
EEG
MEG
fNIRS

fNIRS

Which of the following concepts refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?

lobe distinction
alternation
differentiation
lateralization

lateralization

The ______ pattern of growth is reflected in the fact that infants can see an object before they can control their torso.

cephalodistal
differentiation
cephalocaudal
proximodistal

cephalocaudal

The average North American newborn weighs ______ pounds.

6.1
8.6
7.5
9.1

7.5

True or false: The brain has plasticity and its development depends on context.

True

Shaken baby syndrome causes swelling and hemorrhaging of the __________________.

brain

Select all that apply
Which of the following have been linked to infant sleep problems?

Consistent bedtime routines
Genetic predisposition
Maternal depression
Screen time

Consistent bedtime routines
Maternal depression
Screen time

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used to measure an infant's brain activity?

fMRI
sonogram
EEG
functional near-infrared spectroscopy

sonogram

Select all that apply
Which of the following are outcomes of breast feeding for children?

improved cognitive development
less chance of becoming overweight or obese
better cardiovascular function
increased maturation of the immune system
fewer gastrointestinal infections

less chance of becoming overweight or obese
increased maturation of the immune system
fewer gastrointestinal infections

Reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain.

the left hemisphere
both hemispheres
the right hemisphere

both hemispheres

Which of the following statements is true regarding the trend towards overweight infants?

Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables.
Infants from higher SES backgrounds are more likely to be overweight.
Concern for infant weight is not a factor until the baby reaches one year of age.
The rate of overweight younger infants [under 6 months of age] exceeds the number of overweight older infants.

Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruits and vegetables.

True or false: The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet.

False

What view states that environmental conditions and biological processes influence development?

the cognitive intermodal view
the ecological view
the interactionist view
the neuroconstructivist view

the neuroconstructivist view

The most common infant sleep-related problem is

insomnia.
sleep apnea.
nighttime waking.
hypersomnia.

nighttime waking.

Research has shown that ______ has multiple benefits for infants, such as a lower risk of respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections.

back-sleeping
breast feeding
shared sleeping
bottle feeding

breast feeding

In the study of 3,000 4- to 24-month-olds, up to one-third of the babies

ate no vegetables or fruit.
were reported to never eat any candy or sweets.
ate a well-balanced diet.
ate only meat and dairy products.

ate no vegetables or fruit.

The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is

the evolutionary behavior view.
the dynamic systems view.
the genetic determination view.
the passive systems view.

the dynamic systems view.

The rapid development of the brain in infancy can be attributed to the

cephalocaudal principle.
differentiation principle.
proximodistal principle.
plasticity principle.

cephalocaudal principle.

Behaviors that are built-in reactions to stimuli that allow infants to respond to their environment before they have learned the behavior are called

reflexes.
rooting.
grasping.
motor skills.

reflexes.

The neuroconstructivist view emphasizes the importance of interactions between biological processes and

environmental experience.
genetic expression.
organic factors.
personal desires.

environmental experience.

Gross motor skills

involve large-muscle activities.
involve the hands and fingers.
develop after fine motor skill development.
begin with the Moro reflex.

involve large-muscle activities.

Before babies can hold on to furniture and "walk" around the room by grasping onto objects, they must have

parental encouragement.
the ability to crawl.
eye-hand coordination.
postural control.

postural control.

Any activity that requires finger dexterity would be referred to as a

reflexive action.
fine motor skill.
physical perception.
gross motor skill.

fine motor skill.

The perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting is referred to as the ______________ _________________ theory.

dynamic systems

______ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.

Locomotion
Perception
Articulation
Sensation

Sensation

What are the purposes of reflexes?

They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried.
They are movements that have an evolutionary purpose but are not necessary in the present day.
They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.
They help the infant exercise.

They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried.
They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment.

Research has found that the MOST important visual stimuli in children's social environment are quite possibly

shapes.
colors.
faces.
objects.

faces.

Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill?

tying shoes
swimming
jumping rope
walking

tying shoes

An fMRI study confirmed capacity of the fetus to hear at ______ into the prenatal period by assessing brain response to auditory stimuli.

33 to 34 weeks
38 to 39 weeks
44 to 45 weeks
40 to 42 weeks

33 to 34 weeks

What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill development?

the ability to hold utensils
spatial skills
postural control
eye-hand coordination

postural control

True or false: Intermodal perception involves receiving information from a single sensory modality.

False

Which of the following activities is NOT considered a fine motor skill?

buttoning a shirt
grasping a toy
sorting shapes in a shape-sorting toy
riding a tricycle

riding a tricycle

One of the key debates in developmental psychology as it relates to perceptual development is the longstanding issue of

free-will versus determinism.
nature versus nurture.
reductionism versus holism.
idiographic versus nomothetic.

nature versus nurture.

The eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin are all considered to be

sensory receptors.
organs.
sensory input devices.
input mechanisms.

sensory receptors.

The main theme of the ecological approach of Eleanor and James J. Gibson is that ______ and action are coupled.

perception
sensation
instinct

perception

True or false: Infants do not show interest in human faces until they reach 12 months of age.

False

Select all that apply
Which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence [1986] in which mothers read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses and then to the children post-birth?

Fetuses can learn.
Infants do not remember sounds heard prenatally.
Infants are capable of localizing sound.
Fetuses can hear.

Fetuses can learn.
Fetuses can hear.

When watching a hockey game, spectators can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice. This ability is known as

temporal-occipital integration.
visio-auditory integration.
intermodal perception.
multisensory perception.

intermodal perception.

In the field of perceptual development, those who emphasize the role of nature are referred to as

ecologists.
constructivists.
nativists.
empiricists.

nativists.

True or false: Piaget believed that children are like sponges and passively absorb information from the world around them.

False

Perception and ______ are coupled with each other. This is demonstrated through the movement of one's head, hands, arms, and eyes.

creation
pain
cognition
action

action

In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called

schemes.
classifications.
equilibration.
habituation.

schemes.

A baby's schemes are structured by simple actions that can be performed on

objects.
themselves.
other people.

objects.

When can sound first be perceived?

Immediately at birth
During the last two months of pregnancy
Sometime during the second trimester of pregnancy
Approximately one week after birth

During the last two months of pregnancy

Assimilation occurs when children use ______ schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

independent
new
existing
dependent

existing

The integration of information from two or more sensory modalities is called

habituation.
intermodal perception.
perceptual constancy.
sensory accommodation.

intermodal perception.

True or false: Accommodation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

False

Piaget believed that children ______ their own cognitive worlds.

actively absorb
passively construct
passively absorb
actively construct

actively construct

Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget.

strategies
schemes
accommodations
encoding

schemes

In Piaget's theory, ________________________ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.

organization

Which of the following is considered a baby's scheme?

balancing a budget
completing an algebra problem
learning how to drive a car
a baby sucking its thumb

a baby sucking its thumb

Equilibration is the name Piaget gave to the mechanism by which children

resist moving to the next stage of thought.
skip stages of thought that are too easy.
shift from one stage of thought to the next.
use primitive methods to weigh objects.

shift from one stage of thought to the next.

__________________ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.

Assimilation

According to Piaget, at what age does the sensorimotor period end?

24 months
36 months
12 months
15 months

24 months

A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

accommodation
organization
equilibration
conservation

accommodation

During play, the ball rolls out of view behind a chair. The infant walks behind the chair in search of the ball. This behavior is an example of which of the following?

object permanence
internalization of schemes
organization
A-not-B error

object permanence

Piaget believed that we build ______ structures that help us understand the world and adjust to new environmental demands.

physical
scientific
three-dimensional
mental

mental

When infants correctly find an object hidden at location A and then continue to look in location A even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following?

violated expectations
intermodal perception
indiscriminate retrieval
A-not-B error

A-not-B error

One day, a child takes a drumstick and hits a toy drum. Several days later, she is presented with a drumstick and toy xylophone. Then, she is given a smaller stick and a triangle. Based on his previous experiences with the other instruments, she hits the triangle with the stick. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

accommodation
tertiary circular reactions
equilibration
organization

organization

The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next is referred to by Piaget as

organization.
object permanence.
equilibration.
internalization.

equilibration.

Many researchers believe that Piaget was ______ about how infants learn about their world.

not specific enough
too curious
too specific
not curious enough

not specific enough

The ______ stage is the name of the Piagetian stage that occurs between birth and 2 years of age.

formal operational
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational

sensorimotor

What was the main finding in Rovee-Collier's experiment regarding infant memory?

Operant conditioning is not effective in studies of infant memory.
Infants can retain information from the experience of being conditioned.
Classical conditioning is an effective tool to use for aiding infant memory.
Infants can retain information after conditioning for a few days but not for weeks.

Infants can retain information from the experience of being conditioned.

What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched?

tertiary circular reactions
deferred imitation
intermodal perception
object permanence

object permanence

Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following best describes what Michelle is demonstrating?

object permanence
attention
habituation
memory

attention

Terry's mother is playing ball with him. She takes the ball and hides it behind the chair. Terry crawls over to the chair and gets the ball. Terry's mother then hides the ball behind the door. Terry crawls back to the chair and looks there for the ball. What concept describes Terry's actions?

intermodal perception
object permanence
A-not-B error
imitation

A-not-B error

Infants become more vulnerable to distraction when

they are not accustomed to an object.
objects become familiar.
they don't have a choice in object selection.
objects appear out of nowhere.

objects become familiar.

A baby learns how to use a spoon. He later learns how to use a fork and knife. He relates these behaviors together into a higher-order system. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?

organization
equilibration
assimilation
accommodation

organization

Reciprocal interaction is one component of

joint attention.
internalization of schemes.
accommodation.
sustained attention.

joint attention.

The field of developmental cognitive neuroscience

promotes the idea that infants are less competent than Piaget thought.
utilizes Piaget's theory as the main framework for its research.
promotes the core knowledge approach and the importance of nature in cognitive development.
explores connections between the brain, cognition, and development.

explores connections between the brain, cognition, and development.

According to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, if an infant's behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behavior

will stop completely.
is less likely to recur.
is likely to recur.
will change into a new behavior.

is likely to recur.

The focusing of mental resources is known as ________________.

attention

Select all that apply
When caregivers and infants frequently engage in joint attention, how is language development impacted?

Infants develop expressive language before receptive language.
Infants use more sign language.
Infants speak their first words earlier.
Infants have a larger vocabulary.

Infants speak their first words earlier.
Infants have a larger vocabulary.

In examining the connection between attention and habituation in infancy, objects that become familiar will result in attention becoming _____________________.

shorter

While Piaget believed that deferred imitation doesn't occur until about a year-and-a-half of age, Meltzoff showed that ______ infants could imitate actions they had seen performed 24 hours before.

14-month-old
6-month-old
12-month-old
9-month-old

9-month-old

Select all that apply
Which two of the following strategies do parents typically use with infants to direct joint attention?

pointing
gaze following
reinforcement
modeling

pointing
gaze following

Which of the following involves the retention of information over time?

encoding
memory
joint attention
habituation

memory

Current research in infant cognition tends to be more ______ than Piaget's theory.

comprehensive
specialized
ambiguous
general

specialized

___________________ memory is the type of memory that encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.

Implicit

When caregivers and infants frequently engage in ______ attention, infants say their first word earlier and develop a larger vocabulary.

sustained
joint
oriented
focused

joint

Andrew is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating?

explicit memory
repetitive modeling
deferred imitation
habituation

deferred imitation

_____________ memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences.

Explicit

__________ is the retention of information over time.

Memory

What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?

concepts
schemas
categorization
habituation

concepts

Memory without conscious recollection is known as

implicit memory.
explicit memory.
internalization.
infantile amnesia.

implicit memory.

_______________ categorization is the type of categorization that is based on similar features of objects, such as size, color, and movement.

Perceptual

Select all that apply
Which of the following are components of language? [Choose every correct answer.]

perceptual categorization
rules for varying words
rules for combining words
words used by a community

rules for varying words
rules for combining words
words used by a community

The conscious memory of facts and experiences is called ______ memory.

episodic
semantic
explicit
working

explicit

Which sound do infants demonstrate first?

crying
babbling
cooing
gesturing

crying

Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?

gesturing
crying
cooing
babbling

crying

______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

Schemas
Equilibration
Concepts
Symbols

Concepts

Baby Amir has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Amir demonstrated?

perceptual
cognitive
conceptual
recall

perceptual

At what age do infants begin cooing?

Birth to 1 month
4 to 6 months
At birth
2 to 4 months

2 to 4 months

______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.

Equilibration
Language
Interaction
Social referencing

Language

Order the sequence of babies' sounds and gestures during the first year of life, beginning with the earliest form at the top.

Babbling
Cooing
Gestures
Crying

Crying
Cooing
Babbling
Gestures

Which of the following describes the vocalization known as babbling?

sounds that may signal distress
strings of consonant-vowel combinations
smacking sounds made with the lips
gurgling sounds made in the back of the throat

strings of consonant-vowel combinations

Which form of infant communication involves showing and pointing?

babbling
crying
gesturing
cooing

gesturing

If an infant exhibits a lack of pointing in the communication system, which of the following is true?

The infant is developing normally, as not all infants point.
The infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.
The infant has a problem with fine motor development and should be assessed by an occupational therapist.
The infant probably does not have caregivers who use pointing as a form of communication.

The infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.

The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called _______________.

cooing

As infants extract an increasing number of potential word forms from the speech stream they hear, they begin to associate these with concrete, perceptually available objects in their world. This is referred to as

object permanence.
infinite generativity.
statistical learning.
a tertiary circular reaction.

statistical learning.

What is the term for the production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations?

babbling
crying
gesturing
cooing

babbling

In evolutionary time, humans' acquisition of language is considered to be

very delayed.
very ancient.
very recent.
slightly delayed.

very recent.

An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a[n]

morphology.
receptive vocabulary.
gesture.
expressive vocabulary.

gesture.

Lack of _________________, a type of gesture, may indicate a problem in a baby's ability to communicate.

pointing

Select all that apply
Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis?

Infants can hear sounds and voices prenatally.
Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language.
Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language.
Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world.

Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language.
Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language.
Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world.

Statistical learning requires

exposure.
instruction.
reinforcement.
feedback.

exposure.

Which region of the brain is associated with the production of words?

Wernicke's area
the amygdala
Broca's area
the temporal lobe

Broca's area

At what age do children begin using two-word utterances?

12 to 15 months
18 to 24 months
24 to 30 months
30 to 36 months

18 to 24 months

What is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing?

aphasia
recasting
plasticity
lateralization

aphasia

A string of consonant-vowel combinations, such as "da, da, da," or "ba, ba, ba, ba," is known as

babbling.
crying.
cooing.
gesturing.

babbling.

Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way?

Michael Tomasello
Albert Bandura
Noam Chomsky
Roger Brown

Noam Chomsky

Select all that apply
Which two of the following are essential for the ability to speak and understand language?

muscular strength
nervous system
vocal apparatus
dentition
circulatory system

nervous system
vocal apparatus

Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children's language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a ______ basis.

cultural
social
cognitive
biological

biological

With what is Broca's area associated?

the memory of what words mean
language comprehension
the production of words
the ability to hear others speak

the production of words

Which of the following social interactions is important in language development?

equilibration
caregiver responsiveness
educational TV programming
intensive instruction

caregiver responsiveness

Individuals who experience damage to Wernicke's area will have difficulty

producing words correctly.
comprehending what others say.
speaking fluently.
using gestures to go along with words they are speaking.

comprehending what others say.

Select all that apply
Which of the following are characteristic of child-directed speech?

simple words
higher pitch
faster tempo
exaggerated intonation

simple words
higher pitch
exaggerated intonation

True or false: According to Chomsky, children's language acquisition device [LAD] provides them with the ability to form plural words.
True false question.

True

Which of the following is NOT one of the three strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language?

recasting
labeling
gesturing

gesturing

Which of the following gave most humans an edge over other animals and increased the chances of human survival?

ingenuity
language
strength
cunning

language

Which strategy do parents use when they respond to a child's utterance by rephrasing it as a grammatical sentence?

labeling
child-directed speech
recasting
expanding

recasting

After an infant babbles, her mother immediately smiles and touches her. According to the environmental influence perspective, what behavior will the infant most likely display following her mother's response?

sounds signifying distress
silence
sounds signifying hunger
more speech-like sounds

more speech-like sounds

Which of the following statements regarding child-directed speech is NOT true?

Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby.
Child-directed speech has the outcome of capturing infant attention and maintaining communication.
Four-year-olds will speak in simpler ways to two-year-olds than they will to other four-year-olds.
As soon as adults start talking to a baby, they tend to shift into child-directed speech.

Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby.

True or false: Recasting, expanding, and labeling are common strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language.

True

A child says, "I like play with Sophie." Her teacher asks, "What do you like to play with Sophie?" This is an example of

expanding.
negating.
labeling.
recasting.

recasting.

______________ is the rephrasing or restating of something a child has said, perhaps in the form of a question, for example.

Recasting

The __________________ view emphasizes that language acquisition occurs because of both biological and environmental influences.

interactionist

Which of the following are characteristics of child-directed speech?

Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
Language spoken in a low, quiet pitch with simple words and sentences
Parental imitation of words that the child speaks
Language spoken only by children to other children their same age that is simple and in telegraphic form

Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

An interactionist view emphasizes that both ______ contribute to language acquisition.

linguistics and cognition
sociology and psychology
biology and experience
motivation and effort

biology and experience

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Which theorist believed that humans are biologically programmed to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way multiple choice question?

Which of the following is evidence of the biological foundation of language?

Which theorist believed that children learn language in specific contexts and through interaction?

Which of the following statements is consistent with Gibson's ecological theory of perception in infancy?