What type of data collection refers to recording data on every occurrence of the behavior?
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Event recording is a process for documenting the number of times a behavior occurs. An observer using event recording makes a tally mark or documents in some way each time a student engages in a target behavior. The observer also records the time period in
which the behavior is being observed. For instance, a teacher may be interested in the number of times a student correctly pronounces a word, asks for help, leaves the desk, participates in class, arrives to class on time, or interacts positively with peers. Event recording takes place during a specific time period. For example, it may be necessary to observe a student during math class from 9:00-9:30 over several days to see a pattern of behavior. Information about the frequency of a
behavior is obtained by recording within a specific time period. For instance, a teacher may collect event recording data every day during the 9:00-9:30 class. When the length of time varies, the data gathered during event recording is documented as a rate. For instance, the rate may reflect the number of behaviors per minute or per hour. The major advantage of event recording is that it can be easy to implement and can be used while teaching class. There are several easy ways to keep track of behaviors as they occur: You can use a wrist counter; make tally marks on a piece of paper, or put paperclips, pennies, or buttons in one pocket and move them to a different "target" pocket as each behavior occurs. At the end of the observation period, it is a simple task to look at your wrist counter, add up the number of items in the "target" pocket, or count the number of tally marks on a recording form. Event recording is not as helpful when the behavior of interest occurs at a really high rate or occurs over extended periods of time. Behaviors that may occur at a high rate or over extended periods could include temper tantrums, reading, staring off into space, or talking to peers. In these cases event recording may not be the best measurement choice. When should event recording be used?Event recording can be used if your objective is to increase or decrease the number of times a behavior occurs. When the behavior that you are looking at can be easily counted, event recording may be the best method to use since it can be easy to record and in many cases can be completed without interfering with ongoing activities. A behavior can be easily counted when:
Every member of the student’s teams can and should be part of the functional behavioral assessment process to assist in identifying patterns and trends in behavior. How information is gathered may be different for each person collecting the data and depending on the complexity of the situation. One format involves directly observing and recording situational factors surrounding a problem behavior using an assessment tool called ABC data collection. An ABC data form is an assessment tool used to gather information that should evolve into a behavior implementation plan. ABC refers to:
The following is an example of ABC data collection. This ABC is considered a direct observation format because you must be directly observing the behavior when it occurs. Typically, it is a format that is used when an external observer is available who has the time and ability to observe and document behaviors during specified periods of the day. It is time and personnel intensive. From this data, we can see that when Joe is asked to end an activity he is enjoying (we know that he enjoys playing computer games), he screams, refuses to leave, and ignores. We also can see that the response to Joe’s refusal consists mostly of empty threats. If we follow Joe throughout the day, we may find that he is asked repeatedly to follow directions. In addition, the data reveals that Joe’s staff and family use threats that are not followed through. Joe has learned that persistence, ignoring, and refusal will wear staff and parents down. Example of A-B-C Data Collection - 1
While it is critical to look at both the antecedents and the form of the behavior, it is imperative to examine the consequence portion of the data collection. Examine the consequence portion of the data collection form when identifying those responses that both increase and decrease problem behavior. For example, if attention seems to increase problem behavior, then it may be important to teach the individual to get attention in a more appropriate fashion or to use attention for positive behaviors. If escape from a difficult task seems to be a consistent theme in the consequence section, then it may be important to either change the task or to teach the child to ask for help. And we may choose to use downtime as a reinforcer. If the behavior seems to serve a sensory function, then we should assess the child’s sensory challenges and build in sensory programming proactively. Our responses should always focus on strengthening desired behavior, promoting the use of the replacement behavior, and decreasing the occurrence of the problem behavior (Sugai, et. al., 2000). An important aspect of this prospect is understanding those responses or consequences that maintain, and either enhance or decrease behavior over time. We have to understand why the behavior keeps occurring. What is the individuals’ motivation? Assessment is the key to developing an effective program and tracking the progress of individuals. Yet there are barriers in collecting the data such as time, remembering to document during a crisis situation, and being consistent. We can overcome these barriers by planning, matching collection strategies to the setting, and simplifying the data collection chart. Remember anyone (e.g., parents, educators, teachers, support personnel, administrators) can take the data when given clear direction and parameters. Here is an example taken from what Joe’s parents know about his situation at home using the ABC approach. Notice the responses have already been established on the form. These are the responses that are typically identified as motivating behavior. While this system may be more efficient, you will note that much of the richness of the narrative is missing. Example of A-B-C Data Collection - 2
Once accurate and sufficient data is collected, planning, modifications, instruction, and feedback are easier, more valid, and effective. ABC data collection can be used for all individuals with behavior issues at home and in school, not just those on the autism spectrum. Observing Behavior Using A-B-C Data Form - Blank FormReferencesSugai, G., Horner, R.H., Dunlap, G., Hieneman, M., Nelson, C.M., Scott, T., Liaupsin, C., Sailor, W., Turnbull, A.P., Turnbull III, H.R.; Wickham, D., Wilcox, B., and Ruef, M. (2000). Applying positive behavior support and functional behavioral assessment in schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2(3), 131-143. Dubie M. & Pratt, C. (2022). Observing behavior using a-b-c data. Retrieved from https://www.iidc.indiana.edu/irca/articles/observing-behavior-using-a-b-c-data.html. What is behavior data collection?What is behavior data? Behavior data is typically based on how a behavior looks. Behavior data can be collected as part of a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) and then written into a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) designed to increase or decrease certain student behaviors.
Which recording method is used to record the frequency of behaviors?Two such methods are frequency recording and interval recording. Frequency (or event) recording is a way to measure the number of times a behavior occurs within a given period. Frequency recording is best for behaviors with a distinct beginning and end.
What are the types of data recording?Data Recording. Permanent Product Measurement.. Event Recording.. Momentary Time Sampling.. Interval Recording.. Latency.. Duration.. ABC Analysis.. Task Analysis.. What is behavioral recording?Another method of evaluating a student's behavior that provides you with a very precise picture of its severity is behavioral recording. The teacher or aide observes the student directly and records how long or how often a certain behavior occurs.
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