Which are the universal principles of behavior?

The authors explain that in most circumstances, criminals give hints of their criminal intentions before they carry them out. Close observation of people’s behaviors can alert others to a potential problem. According to the authors, investigators can use the UPCB model to analyze behavior that may signal impending criminal actions. The UPCB model claims that actors go through four stages in committing a criminal act: ideation, communication, facilitation, and actualization. Ideation is the process of forming the idea of the intended criminal act. As people think about certain things they give off verbal, non-verbal, physiological, symbolical, and behavioral clues about what they are thinking. An astute observer may be able to thwart a crime at this stage by picking up on the offenders’ subtle cues. The second stage, communication, involves the subtle or straightforward conveyance of the offenders’ thoughts. Examples of communication include tattoos signaling hatred for certain groups or subtle eye movements that indicate lying behavior. Facilitation is the third stage of the UPCB model and it involves actions taken by the offender in preparation for the crime, such as purchasing a gun. The final stage is actualization, in which the crime is actually carried out. The author explains that officers should be familiar with these stages of criminal behavior in order to thwart criminal intentions before they are carried out to completion.

Some of the most important and fundamental moral principles seem to be universally held by all people in all cultures and do not change over time. It has been found that starting at about age 10, children in most cultures come to a belief about harm-based morality—that harming others, either physically or by violating their rights, is wrong (Helwig & Turiel, 2002). Some research suggests that morality development begins much earlier in human development. Hamlin and colleagues used a puppet morality play in an experiment with infants and toddlers that found children preferred people who help others reach a goal (prosocial behaviors) and avoided people who were harmful, or who get in the way of others reaching a goal. As early as 3 months age, humans are evaluating the behaviors of others and assigning a positive value to helpful, cooperative behaviors (Hamlin et al., 2007; Hamlin & Wynn, 2011) and negative values to harmful or selfish behaviors. These fundamental and universal principles of morality include individual rights, freedom, equality, autonomy and cooperation.

The theory that has the most cross-cultural empirical support is Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development, a cognitive development theory inspired by the work of Piaget. Moral development refers to the changes in moral beliefs as a person grows older and gains maturity.

According to Kohlberg’s theory, morality is based on the concept of equality and reciprocity of helping that can be predicted at certain ages. To develop this theory, Kohlberg posed moral dilemmas to people of all ages; however, they were all White, males from the United States. One of Kohlberg’s best-known moral dilemmas is commonly known as the Heinz dilemma and participants were asked to decide what Heinz should do.

In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctor’s thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost to make.  He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1000, which is half of what it cost.  He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to see it cheaper or let him pay later. The druggist said, “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.” So, Heinz got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that?  (Kohlberg, 1969, p. 379).

After presenting this and other moral dilemmas, Kohlberg reviewed people’s responses. Kohlberg was not interested in whether participants answered yes or no to the dilemma but rather he was interested in the reasoning behind their answer. Depending on the rationale, Kohlberg placed people into different stages of moral reasoning. Kohlberg identified three main levels of moral reasoning:

• Pre-conventional
• Conventional
• Post-conventional

Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral and cognitive development. According to Kohlberg, an individual progresses from the capacity for pre-conventional morality (before age 9) to the capacity for conventional morality (early adolescence), and toward attaining post-conventional morality (once formal operational thought is attained), which only a few fully achieve. Kohlberg placed responses that reflected the reasoning that Heinz should steal the drug because his wife’s life is more important than the pharmacist making money in the highest stage. The value of a human life overrides the pharmacist’s greed. It is important to realize that even those people who have the most sophisticated, post-conventional reasons for some choices may make other choices to avoid getting into trouble (e.g., pre-conventional reasons).

What are the principles of Behaviour?

What are the 5 principles of behavior?

What are universal principles?

What are universal principles examples?