Which information is accurate about Hodgkins lymphoma Select all that apply
Having the correct diagnosis is important for getting the right treatment. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) may be difficult to diagnosis. You may want to get a second medical opinion by an experienced hematopathologist before you begin treatment. A hematopathologist is a specialist who studies blood and bone marrow cells and other tissues to help diagnose diseases of the blood, bone marrow and lymph system. Show
Patient EvaluationYour doctor will take a comprehensive medical history and ask questions regarding your symptoms. A physical examination will include measurement of all accessible lymph node groups (neck, underarms and groin) as well as the size of palpable organs such as the spleen and liver. Lymph Node BiopsyA biopsy of an enlarged lymph node is needed to diagnose HL. The preferred and most common type of biopsy is called an “excisional biopsy,” in which the whole lymph node is typically removed (excised). If the lymph node is just under the skin, the biopsy procedure is usually simple and can sometimes be done with a numbing medication (local anesthetic). If the lymph node is inside the chest or abdomen (stomach area), you may be sedated or receive general anesthesia. The biopsy samples will be sent to a hematopathologist, a doctor who has special training in diagnosing blood diseases by studying cells under a microscope. The hematopathologist examines the samples using a microscope to look for cancer cells. The lymph node biopsy's purpose is to confirm a diagnosis and
It is important that a specialist with experience in diagnosing HL analyzes the biopsy tissue. Pathology slides may be sent to a specialty center for confirmation of diagnosis. ImmunophenotypingThis laboratory test can detect specific cancer cells based on the types of antigens or proteins on the surface of the cells. Immunophenotyping is used to help diagnose specific types of leukemia and lymphoma. Some of these tests may be repeated both during and after therapy to measure the effects of treatment. Next Generation Sequencing and Liquid BiopsiesNext generation sequencing (NGS) tests can rapidly examine stretches of DNA or RNA. This technology can detect mutations and other genetic abnormalities in DNA extracted from blood or bone marrow samples. Due to the low abundance of Reed-Sternberg cells, performing genetic analysis from tumor samples in Hodgkin lymphoma can be difficult. This method is currently under investigation in clinical trials, and it could become a complementary method to tissue biopsy in the near future. It could be particularly useful in cases where a tumor mass is difficult to biopsy or when there is very little tissue removed through biopsy. Staging TestsOnce your hematologist-oncologist confirms a Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, he or she orders more tests to stage your disease. Staging identifies the extent of your disease and where it's located in your body. Staging tests include:
Some of these tests may be repeated, both during and after therapy, to measure the response to treatment. Imaging TestsImaging tests help the doctor evaluate:
Imaging tests may include:
Blood TestsBlood tests may include
Heart and Lung TestsSome HL treatments may weaken or damage the heart and lungs. The healthcare team may decide to test how well these organs work before treatment, in order to plan appropriate treatment. Pregnancy TestSome cancer treatments can harm an unborn baby, so a pregnancy test may be required for women of reproductive age before they can start certain treatments. Treatment options may depend on the results. Bone Marrow TestsSome patients who have been diagnosed with HL may need to undergo a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. These tests are not typically used to diagnose HL, but they may be done after diagnosis to see if there are lymphoma cells in the bone marrow. The doctor will decide if these procedures are necessary. Also, the need for a bone marrow biopsy may be eliminated by the use of a PET scan to assess the disease. What confirms Hodgkin's lymphoma?Biopsy. A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope. Other tests can suggest that cancer is present, but Hodgkin lymphoma can only be diagnosed after a biopsy of an affected tissue, preferably by removal (or excision) of a lymph node.
What is the main diagnostic feature of Hodgkin's disease?Definitive diagnosis for Hodgkin lymphoma is through biopsy from a lymph node or suspected organ. It is important to note that fine-needle aspiration or core-needle biopsy frequently show non-specific findings because of the low ratio of malignant cells and loss of architectural information.
What is the main cause of Hodgkin's lymphoma?Hodgkin lymphoma is caused by a change (mutation) in the DNA of a type of white blood cell called B lymphocytes. The exact reason why this happens isn't known. The DNA gives the cells a basic set of instructions, such as when to grow and reproduce.
What is the most accurate description of non Hodgkin's lymphoma?Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in your lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, white blood cells called lymphocytes grow abnormally and can form growths (tumors) throughout the body.
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