Which of the following processes moves from site of administration to systemic circulation?

• Sections
• About

Abstract:

The predominant route of drug administration is extravascular, such as oral, peroral, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal, intradermal, rectal, or topical. In each of these cases the drug must be absorbed in order to enter the systemic circulation. At times, drugs are introduced directly into the circulation. This is the case with intravenous (IV) injection, IV infusions, and intracardiac injections (intravascular route of administration).

A prerequisite of absorption is that the drug be released from the dosage form.

Selected References

• 1. P-glycoprotein and Drug Therapy in Organ Transplantation, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 39:995–1005 (1999). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 2.

  Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J. D.

  ,Editors: Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing Inc., New York, London, 1983, p. 302ff. Google Scholar,
• 3. Alpers, D. H.: Uptake and Fate of Absorbed Amino Acids and Peptides in the Mammalian Intestine, Fed. Proc. 45:2261–2266 (1986). Medline, Google Scholar,
• 4. Ayrton, A. and Morgan, P.: Role of Transport Proteins in Drug Absorption, Distribution and Excretion, Xenobiotica 31:469–497 (2001). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 5. Ball, A. M. and Smith K. M.: Optimizing Transdermal Drug Delivery, Am. J. Health. Syst. Pharm. 65:1337–1346 (2008). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 6. Cordon-Cardo, C., O’Brien, J. P., Boccia, J., Casals, D., Bertino, J. R. and Melamed, M. R.: Expression of the Multidrug Resistance Gene Product (P-glycoprotein) in Human Normal and Tumor Tissues, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 38:1277–1287 (1990). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 7. Dresser, G. K., Bailey, D. G., Leake, B. F., Schwarz, U. I., Dawson, P. A., Freeman, D. J. and Kim, R. B.: Fruit Juices Inhibit Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide-Mediated Drug Uptake to Decrease the Oral Availability of Fexofenadine, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 71:11–20 (2002). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 8. Du Buske, L. M.: Drug Transport Systems; Pharmacy Perspectives 3, Supplement, U.S. Pharmacist, Dec. 2001. Google Scholar,
• 9. Elden, I. and Speiser, P.: Endocytosis and Intracellular Drug Delivery, Acta Pharm. Technol. 35:109–115 (1989). Google Scholar,
• 10. El Maghraby, G. M., Barry, B. W. and Williams, A. C. Liposomes and Skin: From Drug Delivery to Model Membranes, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 34:203–222 (2008). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 11. Fordtran, J. S. and Dietschy, J. M.: Water and Electrolyte Movement in the Intestine, Gastroenterol. 50:263 (1966). Google Scholar,
• 12. Gardner, M. L. G.: Evidence For, and Implications of Passage of Intact Peptides Across the Intestinal Mucosa, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2:810–812 (1983). Crossref, Google Scholar,
• 13. Higuchi, T. and Michaelis, A. F.: Mechanism and Kinetics of Ion Pair Extraction. Rate of Extraction of Dextromethorphanium Ion, Anal. Chem. 40:1925–1931 (1968). Google Scholar,
• 14. Hogben, C. A. M., Tocco, D. J., Brodie, B. B. and Schanker, L. S.: On the Mechanism of Intestinal Absorption of Drugs, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 125:275 (1959). Medline, Google Scholar,
• 15. Huang S.M., Strong J.M., Zhang L., et al.. New Era in Drug Interaction Evaluation: US Food and Drug Administration Update on CYP Enzymes, Transporters, and the Guidance Process, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 48:662–670 (2008). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 16. Kim, R. B.: MDR1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms: Multiplicity of Haplotypes and Functional Consequences, Pharmacogenetics 12:425–427 (2002). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 17. Lan, L.-B., Dalton, J. T. and Scheutz, E. G.: Mdr1 Limits CYP3A Metabolism in Vivo, Mol. Pharmacol. 28:863–869 (2000). Crossref, Google Scholar,
• 18. Lifson, H. and Hakim, A. A.: Simple Diffusive-Convective Model for Intestinal Absorption of a Non-Electrolyte (Urea), Am. J. Physiol. 211:1137 (1966). Medline, Google Scholar,
• 19. Lin, J. H. and Yamazaki, M.: Role of P-Glycoprotein in Pharmacokinetics. Clinical Implications, Clin. Pharmacokinet. 42:59–98 (2003). Crossref, Google Scholar,
• 20. Martel, F., Grundemann, D., Calhau, C. and Schomig, E.: Typical Uptake of Organic Cations by Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells; Putative Involvement of ASF Transporters, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 363:40–49 (2001). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 21. Martinez, M. N. and Amidon, G. L.: A Mechanistic Approach to Understanding the Factors Affecting Drug Absorption: A Review of Fundamentals, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42:620–643 (2002). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 22. Mathews, D. M.: Intestinal Absorption of Peptides, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2:808–810 (1983). Crossref, Google Scholar,
• 23. Mizuno, N. and Sugiyama, Y.: Drug Transporters: Their Role and Importance in the Selection and Development of New Drugs, Drug Metab. Pharmacokin. 17:93–108 (2002). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,
• 24. Neubert, R.: Ion Pair Transport Across Membranes, Pharmacol. Res. 6:743–747 (1989). Crossref, Google Scholar,
• 25. Neubert, R., Amlacher, R. and Hartl, A.: Ion Pair Approach of Bretylium, Drugs Made in Germany 35:125–127 (1992). Google Scholar,
• 26. Ritschel, W. A.: Absorption of Drugs, Pharm. Internat. 1:30 (1974). Google Scholar,
• 27. Schanker, L. S.: On the Mechanism of Absorption of Drugs from the Gastrointestinal Tract, J. Med. Pharm. Chem. 2:343 (1960). Medline, Google Scholar,
• 28. Schanker, L. S. and Jeffrey, J. J.: Active Transport of Foreign Pyrimidines Across the Intestinal Epithelium, Nature 190:727 (1961). Medline, Google Scholar,
• 29. Shore, P. A., Brodie, B. B. and Hogben, C. A. M.: The Gastric Secretion of Drugs: A pH Partition Hypothesis, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 119:361 (1957). Google Scholar,
• 30. Volkheimer, G., Schulz, F. H., Aurich, I., Strauch, S., Beuthin, K. and Wendlandt, H.: Persorption of Particles, Digestion 1:78 (1968). Google Scholar,
• 31. Wagner, J. G.: Biopharmaceutics: Gastrointestinal Absorption Aspects, Antibiot. Chemother., Adv. 12:53 (1964). Crossref, Google Scholar,
• 32. Wilson, T. H.: Intestinal Absorption, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1962. Google Scholar,
• 33. Zhou, H.: Pharmacokinetic Strategies in Deciphering Atypical Drug Absorption Profiles, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 43:211–227 (2003). Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar,

• Figures
• References
• Related
• Details

Published: 9 June 2016

eISBN: 1-58212-126-5

Publisher

American Pharmacists Association

History

• Published: 9 June 2016

Citation Information

(2009), "Chapter 6. Absorption/Transport Mechanisms," Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics… Including Clinical Applications, 7th Edition

https://doi.org/10.21019/9781582121260.ch6