A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates

Question 1

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Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for

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• discerning human similarities and differences.

• avoiding operational definitions.

• making psychology free of value judgments.

• To make Psychology less complicated

Question 2

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Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between

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• Childhood memories and psychological disorders.

• Philosophy and phsiology

• natural selection and genetic predispositions.

• thought process and brain functions

Question 3

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Clinical psychologists specialize in

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• providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.

• providing therapy to troubled people.

• animal research.

• constructing surveys

Question 4

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the specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a

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• clinical psychologist.

• psychiatrist

• personality psychologist

• developmental psychologist

Question 5

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correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

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• vary together.

• influence each other

• are random samples

• are dependent variables

Question 6

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A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +1.00 would indicate that

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• it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating frequency.

• more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.

• less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.

• physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.

Question 7

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Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate

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• overconfidence.

• hindsight bias

• the placebo effect

• random sampling

Question 8

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Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned

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• to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.

• in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.

• to that group by chance.

• to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.

Question 9

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Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of

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• unconscious motives.

• conditioned responses

• mental processes

• clinical psychology

Question 10

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A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)

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• control condition

• hypothesis

• replication

• operational definition

Question 11

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Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?

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• overconfidence

• random assignment

• the double-blind procedure

• operational definitions

Question 12

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Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's

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• genetic predispositions

• childhood memories

• unconscious thought processes

• potential for healthy growth.

Question 13

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From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of

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• unconscious conflicts

• conscious thoughts and feelings

• observable behavior

• genetic influences

Question 14

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The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.

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• massed practice and spaced practice

• genes and experience

• unconscious and conscious motives

• behavior and mental processes

Question 15

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Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates

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• random assignment

• overconfidence

• the placebo effect

• naturalistic observation

Question 16

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The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

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• overestimates the importance of operational definitions.

• is based on naturalistic observation.

• may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.

• leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.

Question 17

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The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.

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• the double-blind procedure

• random sampling

• hindsight bias

• positive expectations

Question 18

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Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves

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• debriefing

• evaluating evidence

• case study

• informed consent

Question 19

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A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between

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• genetics and eye color

• bone density and body size

• self-esteem and popularity

• neurotransmitters and depression

Question 20

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Auditory stimulation is first processed in the ________ lobes.

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• temporal

• frontal

• occipital

• parietal

Question 21

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Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by

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• sensory neurons

• interneurons

• glial cells

• motor neurons

Question 22

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The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called

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• reuptake.

• an action potential

• polarization

• homeostasis

Question 23

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Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the

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• cell body.

• myelin sheath

• axon

• dendrites

Question 24

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Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing

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• . identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together.

• identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart

• identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together.

• identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart.

Question 25

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An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to Select one:

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• fear dangerous animals

• love their own children

• seek healthy looking mates

• do all of these things

Question 26

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neural networks refer to

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• neural cables containing many axons

• the branching extensions of a neuron

• junctions between sending and receiving neurons

• interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system

Question 27

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Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

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• cerebellum

• thalamus

• amygdala

• medulla

Question 28

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If your ________ is destroyed, the left side of your brain could not control the movements of your right hand.

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• amygdala

• corpus callosum

• hippocampus

• brainstem

Question 29

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The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates

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• mutations.

• natural selection.

• environmental influences

• heredity.

Question 30

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The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the

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• thalamus.

• cerebellum.

• medulla

• amygdala

Question 31

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A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called

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• reuptake

• the action potential

• the synapse

• polarization

Question 32

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The principle of natural selection was first advanced by

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• Lyudmila trut

• dimitry belyaev

• Richard dawkins

• charles darwin

Question 33

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The central nervous system consists of

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• somatic and autonomic systems.

• . sensory and motor neurons.

• sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

• the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 34

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A synapse is a(n)

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• chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.

• neural cable containing many axons

• junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.

• automatic response to sensory input

Question 35

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The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems.

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• somatic

• peripheral

• autonomic

• sympathetic

Question 36

Answer

• the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.

• a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.

• a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.

• a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.

Question 37

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The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the

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• nucleus accumbens

• corpus callosum.

• pons

• amygdala.

Question 38

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The parasympathetic nervous system

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• stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat.

• inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat.

• inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat.

• stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat.

Question 39

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Gender identity refers to

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• the set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

• the sense of being male or female.

• one's biological sex.

• how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.

Question 40

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Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Which of the following most clearly highlights Mr. Eskenazi's gender typing of his children?

Answer

• evolutionary psychology

• cognitive neuroscience

• social learning theory

• Freudian psychology

Question 41

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A boy who exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the influence of

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• puberty.

• gender typing.

• primary sex characteristics

• the X chromosome.

Question 42

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When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Vijay does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Vijay's behavior best illustrates the importance of

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• gender identity.

• menarche.

• testosterone.

• gender roles

Question 43

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Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates the importance of

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• the Y chromosome.

• gender schemas

• primary sex characteristics.

• testosterone.

Question 44

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Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of

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• eating disorders

• antisocial personality disorders.

• color blindness.

• autism

Question 45

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Gender typing refers to the acquisition of

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• a traditional masculine or feminine role.

• secondary sex characteristics.

• expected behaviors for males or for females.

• a sense of being either male or female.

Question 46

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The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a

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• gender schema

• gender identity.

• gender role.

• gender type.

Question 47

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A gender role refers to

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• a sense of being male or female.

• a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

• a sense of being transgender.

• one's birth sex.

Question 48

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Compared with females, males use conversation to

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• obtain feedback on their views.

• offer support.

• explore relationships.

• communicate solutions

Question 49

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Compared with boys, girls are more likely to play in ________ groups.

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• small

• unsupervised

• mixed age

• comeptitive

Question 50

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The roles assigned to women and men

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• have been pretty much the same in all historical time periods.

• differ widely across cultures

• are pretty much the same in all cultures.

• differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.

Question 51

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A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time when talking to other women than men do when talking to other men.

Answer

• fewer; shorter

• fewer; longer

• more; longer

• more; shorter

Question 52

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Social learning theory emphasizes that

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• observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.

• children only learn gender-typed behaviors if they have been directly rewarded for them.

• children will not learn gender-typed behaviors if the same-sex parent is absent from the home.

• all of these statements are true.

Question 53

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Although Wendy is genetically male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Wendy could best be described as

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• asexual

• bisexual

• transgender

• intersex

Question 54

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The first appearance of secondary sex characteristics is most likely to be associated with the onset of

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• the x chromosome

• gender identity

• puberty

• transgender

Question 55

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Maturation refers to

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• biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.

• any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development

• the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors.

• the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.

Question 56

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According to Piaget, accommodation refers to

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• parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.

• incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

• adjusting current schemas to make sense of new experiences.

• developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.

Question 57

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Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?

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• Ruth and Ramona, identical twins

• Larry and Laura, brother and sister

• Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son

• Philip and Paul, fraternal twins

Question 58

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A child's temperament is likely to be

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• a product of parenting style.

• stable over time.

• a reflection of his or her thinking.

• Difficulty: Difficult to observe.

Question 59

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According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to

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• integrity

• autonomy

• intimacy

• generativity

Question 60

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At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are

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• authoritarian.

• authoritative

• conservative.

• permissive.

Question 61

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Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to

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• withdraw a limb to escape pain.

• look longer at face-like images.

• open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.

• turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face.

Question 62

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Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.

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• conventional

• permissive

• authoritative

• authoritarian

Question 63

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Cognition refers to

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• any process of change that accompanies maturation.

• any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.

• the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

• an emotional tie linking one person with another.

Question 64

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Most victims of childhood sexual abuse become normal adults. This best illustrates

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• object permanence.

• egocentrism.

• resilience.

• conservation.

Question 65

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Erik Erikson suggested that the major psychosocial task of middle adulthood was to discover a sense of contributing to the world by being productive. According to Erikson, those who do this effectively demonstrate

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• generativity.

• intuition.

• integrity.

• autonomy

Question 66

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According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.

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• preconventional

• concrete operational

• postconventional

• conventional

Question 67

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Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of

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• moral intuitions.

• moral reasoning

• the achievement of identity.

• self-awareness.

Question 68

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According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet

Answer

• achieved a sense of autonomy.

• solidified a sense of identity

• strived for a sense of competence.

• experienced a sense of basic trust.

Question 69

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According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to

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• a failure to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.

• the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.

• young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure.

• a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.

Question 70

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The cocktail party effect provides an example of

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• change blindness.

• hypnagogic sensations.

• selective attention

• REM rebound.

Question 71

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a disinhibitor is a substance that makes you less impulsive

Question 72

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Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.

Answer

• neurotransmitter

• disinhibition

• neuroadaptive

• psychoactive

Question 73

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Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a

Answer

• signal detector.

• sensory adaptation.

• perceptual set

• difference threshold.

Question 74

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Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called

Answer

• top-down processing

• prosopagnosia.

• signal detection.

• priming.

Question 75

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Patients who have negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of

Answer

• top-down processing.

• difference thresholds.

• sensory adaptation.

• priming.

Question 76

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For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called

Answer

• telepathy.

• kinesthesis.

• synesthesia

• tinnitus.

Question 77

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A gestalt is best described as a(n)

Answer

• binocular cue.

• illusion.

• monocular cue.

• organized whole.

Question 78

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Parapsychology refers to the

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• study of synesthesia.

• study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis

• direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.

• study of perceptual illusions.

Question 79

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Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called

Answer

• olfaction.

• the vestibular sense.

• sensory interaction.

• kinesthesis

Question 80

Answer

• less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.

• more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones

• less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.

• more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.

Question 81

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Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

Answer

• feature detectors

• bipolar cells

• rods

• cones

Question 82

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Accommodation refers to the

Answer

• process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.

• process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages.

• quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.

• diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

Question 83

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A mental set is most likely to inhibit

Answer

• confirmation bias.

• belief perseverance.

• overconfidence.

• creativity.

Question 84

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Experts would agree that intelligence is mental ability to learn from experience.

Question 85

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A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates

Answer

• insight.

• divergent thinking

• convergent thinking.

• intuition.

Question 86

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The heritability of intelligence refers to

Answer

• the extent to which the distribution of intelligence scores of a group approximates a normal curve.

• the proportion of variation in intelligence among individuals that is attributable to genetic variation.

• the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.

• a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Question 87

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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)

Answer

• concept.

• heuristic.

• prototype.

• algorithm.

Question 88

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People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates

Answer

• mental set.

• the availability heuristic.

• the framing effect.

• belief perseverance.

Question 89

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Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

Answer

• confirmation bias.

• framing.

• the availability heuristic.

• belief perseverance.

Question 90

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Semantics refers to the

Answer

• early speech stage in which a child speaks in two-word sentences.

• rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.

• ability to understand what is said to us.

• orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.

Question 91

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Conditioning is the process of

Answer

• discrimination.

• observational learning.

• spontaneous recovery.

• learning associations.

Question 92

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In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

Answer

• unconditioned reinforcer

• unconditioned stimulus.

• conditioned reinforcer.

• conditioned stimulus.

Question 93

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A child learns to stop fighting with his brother when the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a

Answer

• positive reinforcer.

• negative reinforcer.

• positive punishment.

• negative punishment.

Question 94

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Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

Answer

• positive reinforcer

• negative reinforcer.

Question 95

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Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

Answer

• negative reinforcer

• positive reinforcer.

Question 96

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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

Answer

• associative learning

• continuous reinforcement.

• modeling.

• respondent behavior.

Question 97

Answer

• long-term memory.

• memory aid.

• sensory memory.

• test or measure of memory.

Question 98

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chunking refers to the organization of information in to large groups not meaningful ones

Question 99

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process of encoding refers to getting info into memory

Question 100

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process of getting info out of memory is called

Answer

• retrieval

• ejection

• extraction

• memory taking

Question 101

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Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing

Answer

• source amnesia.

• flashbulb memories

• amnesia.

Question 102

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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

Answer

• motivated forgetting

• retrograde amnesia.

• source amnesia.

Question 103

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Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires

Answer

• implicit memory.

• working memory.

• deep processing.

• automatic processing.

Question 104

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Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

Answer

• implicit

• sensory.

• short-term

Question 105

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According to Freud, the unconscious is

Answer

• a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.

• the part of personality that cannot process information.

• the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.

• a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.

Question 106

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The MMPI is an example of a(n)

Answer

• personality inventory

• self-esteem test.

• projective test.

Question 107

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In response to stress, the adrenal glands release

Answer

• epinephrine.

• serotonin

Question 108

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Psychologists define stress as

Answer

• physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.

• the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.

Question 109

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A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people

Answer

• sleep well.

• have an active religious faith.

• are young or old.

• have a happy marriage.

Question 110

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One of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of

Answer

• character strengths

• the relaxation response.

• self-control.

Question 111

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Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the

Answer

• rats could control the termination of the shocks.

• shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life.

• shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food.

Question 112

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Subjective well-being refers to

Answer

• self-perceived happiness

• emotional-focused coping.

Question 113

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An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)

Question 114

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The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

Answer

• to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

• an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.

• the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.

• to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.

Question 115

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Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as

Answer

• self-transcendence needs.

• self-actualization needs.

Question 116

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A disorder in which a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and disordered perceptions is a

Answer

• psychosis.

• dissociation.

Question 117

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In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a “word salad”?

Answer

• schizophrenia

• panic disorder

Question 118

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The onset of schizophrenia is typically associated with early

Answer

• adulthood

• adolescence.

• childhood.

• infancy.

Question 119

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Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)

Answer

• dissociative disorder

• antisocial personality disorder.

Question 120

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A basic element of all effective psychotherapies is the

Answer

• escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy

• client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.

• professional training and experience of the therapist.

Question 121

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A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is

Answer

• active listening.

• free association

• operant conditioning

Question 122

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A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who

Answer

• uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.

• prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting.

• emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies.

Question 123

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Counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses are

Answer

• systematic desensitization and free association.

• aversive conditioning and exposure therapies.

• unconditional positive regard and transference.

Question 124

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Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to

Answer

• focus more on other people's feelings than on their own.

• take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions