Given a scenario, use methods to perform mobile device synchronization
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Synchronization Techniques in “Device to Device- and Vehicle to Vehicle-Enabled” Cellular Networks: A survey☆
Author links open overlay panelMahmoudAbbasiaAminShahrakibcPersonEnvelopeHamid R.BarzegardClausPahld Show ShareShare Cited ByCite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2020.106955Get rights and content Under a Creative Commons license Open access Highlights• Device-to-Device communication allows a user to communicate directly with other users in its proximity. •Network synchronization aims at delivering a standard clock reference to nodes in the network within specific accuracy and stability. •D2D synchronization is a compulsory procedure for both public safety applications and proximity discovery. •Different scenarios of synchronization in Vehicle-to-Vehicle-enabled cellular networks. •Device-to-Device, also known as Proximity Service, is introduced in Release 12 of the Third Generation Partnership Project. AbstractDevice-to-Device (D2D) communication is introduced for cellular networks allowing User Equipments (UEs) to communicate directly in close physical proximity. In traditional cellular networks, time synchronization is performed by the network infrastructure equipment to address the challenges of coordinating independent clocks and tasks of UEs to communicate with each other. These challenges are more critical in D2D as the network has no central point to coordinate UEs. The aim of this paper is twofold: (i) reviewing synchronization standards and techniques for D2D-enabled cellular networks and (ii) discussing different scenarios and contemporary cellular network generations. We review the main signals, channels, and entities used by D2D-enabled cellular networks for synchronization procedures in different scenarios. Moreover, we focus on the synchronization in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X). Finally, we conduct a literature study on effective proposed synchronization techniques in D2D and vehicular communications to highlight recent advances and provide future directions. Graphical abstract
KeywordsCellular networks Synchronization 5G 6G D2D V2V V2X Recommended articles
Mahmoud Abbasi graduated with his master’s degree in software engineering from the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Department of Computer Engineering. His current research interests are Communication Systems and Networks, Machine Learning (ML)/Deep Learning(DL), Network Monitoring and Analysis (NTMA). Amin Shahraki was born in Mashhad, Iran, 1988. He received his Ph.D. degree in the field of Computer networks from University of Oslo, Norway in November 2020 and now He is a postdoctoral Researcher at Fraunhofer IIS, Germany. His current research interests are Internet of Things, Machine Learning for Networking, Network Monitoring and Analysis and self-healing networks. Hamid R. Barzegar is a postdoctoral fellow at the Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Italy with the faculty of computer science. He received Ph.D. degree from Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy which he has focused on the 5G physical layer. His current research interests include wireless networks, cellular networks, 5G core network, IoT, and Blockchain. Claus Pahl is a full professor of software engineering at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy. He is also the Dean of faculty of computer science. His research interests lie in the software engineering field, specifically focusing on software architecture. Service engineering and cloud/IoT architectures have served as a specific application context for his architecture research — looking into migration. Port and SSL Settings:Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is the technology responsible for data authentication and encryption for internet connections. Because data can be sent with or without the use of SSL, one way to indicate a secure connection is by the port number. By default, HTTPS connections use TCP port 443. S/MIME: With respect to the S/MIME configuration, You need the following: 1. A digital encryption certificate for yourself as the sender. 2. A copy of the digital public key from your intended recipient. 3. An email program capable of handling S/MIME email. Exchange supports S/MIME, so that part is taken care of. Once you have obtained your certificate, you must import it into your device and make it available to the email program. Integrated commercial provider email configuration: You may want to set up your personal email on a device from a commercial provider. Folowing section describes some of the email systems you may encounter. iCloud: To set up iCloud email on an Android device,follow these instructions: 1. Swipe up or down in the Home screen to access the Apps screen. 2. In settings, select Accounts then Add an account. 3. Click the account type. 4. If prompted select the account subtype. 5. After entering the email address, select Next. 6. After entering the password, select Next. 7. If prompted for the username,password, or server name, enter them and select Next. 8. Enter the SMTP server, port number, and outgoing server and select Next. 9. After configuring any account options dsired click Next. 10. Address any additional options you encounter and select Next. 11. Enter an account name for outgoing messages. Google/Inbox: On an Android mobile device follow these steps: 1. Select the Gmail icon. 2. Select Alread Have a Google account. 3. In the Sign In with your google account field, enter your username password and select Sign In. On an ios mobile device follow these steps 1. Select Settings > Account & Passwords > Add Account. 2. Select Gmail 3. Fill in your name,address,password, and description if desired. Click Next. 4. Verify that the address carried over frm the last page. Click Next. 5. Select the items you want to sync automatically with the email server and click done. Exchange Online: To set up Outlook on Android, first if required install Outlook for Android. Follow these steps. 1. On the Android device, select Email icon. 2. After entering the email address and password, select Manually Setting. 3. Complete the Domain\username field. 4. After entering the password for the exchange server, select User Secure Connection (SSL) and then Next. 5. In the Account Options interface, select a frequenc for checking email and click Next. 6. Finally, if desired, enter a name for the account in the Give This Account A Name field and selet done. On ios, follow these steps: 1. Add your Exchange account by tapping Settings > Passwords & Accounts > Add Account > Exchange. 2. Enter your address. 3. Choose either Configure Manually or Sign In to connect to your Exchange Server. PRI updates/PRL updates/Baseband updates: The Primary Rate Interface (PRI): is the connection between the mobile device and the radio. From time to time this may need updating, and when done, it may add features or increase data speed. The Preferred Roaming List (PRL): is a list of radio frequencies residing in the memory of some kinds of digital phones. It lists frequencies the phone can use in various geographic areas. Each area is ordered by the bands the phone should try to use first. Therefore, it's a priority list for which towers the phone should use. The baseband is the chip that controls all the GSM and 3G phone RF waves. An update makes the code in the chip current. When roaming, the PRL may instruct the phone to use the network with the best roaming rate for the carrier, rather than the one with the strongest signal at the moment. IMEI vs. IMSI: International Mobile Equipment Identification (IMEI) is used to identify a phyical phone device, While International Mobile Subscribr Identification (IMSI) is used to identify a Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) card. An International mobile Subscriber Identity is a unique number, usually fifteen digits, associated with Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network mobile phone users. The IMSI is a unique number identifying a GSM subscriber. This number has two parts. The initial part is comprised of six digits in the North American standard and five digits in the European standard. It identifies the GSM network operator in a specific country with whom the subscriber holds an account. The second part is allocated by the network operator to uniquely identify the subscriber. The IMSI is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) inside the phone and is sent by the phone to the appropriate network. The IMSI is used to acquire the details of the mobile in the Home Location Register(HLR) or the Visitor Location Register (VLR). VPN: Many users need to use th mobile devices to connect to the corporate network. This should be done using a VPN connection. To set up a VPN connection in Android, folow these steps. What is mobile device synchronization?Synchronization occurs when a mobile device communicates with applications on a personal computer or a server. This is often referred to simply as a "sync" or a "docking". Research in Motion BlackBerry technicians call it "cradling" when it applies to BlackBerry devices.
What can be synchronized from mobile devices?Google automatically synchronizes mail, contacts, and the Calendar so that you can view the information on the mobile device or on the PC (when connected to the Gmail website).
Which of these services allows synchronization of devices between iOS devices?On iOS devices, iDevices smart home products can utilize Apple's iCloud® service to sync information to different iOS devices signed in to the same iCloud account. This will allow you to control your HomeKit™ devices (including non-iDevices HomeKit products) from all of your iOS devices.
What are the techniques of synchronizing?Synchronization methods: Overview. |
