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Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

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HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

Introduction

The WEB

Internet (or The Web) is a massive distributed client/server information system as depicted in the following diagram.

Show

Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

Many applications are running concurrently over the Web, such as web browsing/surfing, e-mail, file transfer, audio & video streaming, and so on.  In order for proper communication to take place between the client and the server, these applications must agree on a specific application-level protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP, and etc.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is perhaps the most popular application protocol used in the Internet (or The WEB).

  • HTTP is an asymmetric request-response client-server protocol as illustrated.  An HTTP client sends a request message to an HTTP server.  The server, in turn, returns a response message.  In other words, HTTP is a pull protocol, the client pulls information from the server (instead of server pushes information down to the client).
    Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?
  • HTTP is a stateless protocol. In other words, the current request does not know what has been done in the previous requests.
  • HTTP permits negotiating of data type and representation, so as to allow systems to be built independently of the data being transferred.
  • Quoting from the RFC2616: "The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. It is a generic, stateless, protocol which can be used for many tasks beyond its use for hypertext, such as name servers and distributed object management systems, through extension of its request methods, error codes and headers."

Browser

Whenever you issue a URL from your browser to get a web resource using HTTP, e.g. http://www.nowhere123.com/index.html, the browser turns the URL into a request message and sends it to the HTTP server. The HTTP server interprets the request message, and returns you an appropriate response message, which is either the resource you requested or an error message. This process is illustrated below:

Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is used to uniquely identify a resource over the web. URL has the following syntax:

protocol://hostname:port/path-and-file-name

There are 4 parts in a URL:

  1. Protocol: The application-level protocol used by the client and server, e.g., HTTP, FTP, and telnet.
  2. Hostname: The DNS domain name (e.g., www.nowhere123.com) or IP address (e.g., 192.128.1.2) of the server.
  3. Port: The TCP port number that the server is listening for incoming requests from the clients.
  4. Path-and-file-name: The name and location of the requested resource, under the server document base directory.

For example, in the URL http://www.nowhere123.com/docs/index.html, the communication protocol is HTTP; the hostname is www.nowhere123.com. The port number was not specified in the URL, and takes on the default number, which is TCP port 80 for HTTP. The path and file name for the resource to be located is "/docs/index.html".

Other examples of URL are:

ftp://www.ftp.org/docs/test.txt
mailto:
news:soc.culture.Singapore
telnet://www.nowhere123.com/

HTTP Protocol

As mentioned, whenever you enter a URL in the address box of the browser, the browser translates the URL into a request message according to the specified protocol; and sends the request message to the server.

For example, the browser translated the URL http://www.nowhere123.com/doc/index.html into the following request message:

GET /docs/index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.nowhere123.com
Accept: image/gif, image/jpeg, */*
Accept-Language: en-us
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
(blank line)

When this request message reaches the server, the server can take either one of these actions:

  1. The server interprets the request received, maps the request into a file under the server's document directory, and returns the file requested to the client.
  2. The server interprets the request received, maps the request into a program kept in the server, executes the program, and returns the output of the program to the client.
  3. The request cannot be satisfied, the server returns an error message.

An example of the HTTP response message is as shown:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 08:56:53 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Last-Modified: Sat, 20 Nov 2004 07:16:26 GMT
ETag: "10000000565a5-2c-3e94b66c2e680"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 44
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
X-Pad: avoid browser bug
  

It works!

The browser receives the response message, interprets the message and displays the contents of the message on the browser's window according to the media type of the response (as in the Content-Type response header). Common media type include "text/plain", "text/html", "image/gif", "image/jpeg", "audio/mpeg", "video/mpeg", "application/msword", and "application/pdf".

In its idling state, an HTTP server does nothing but listening to the IP address(es) and port(s) specified in the configuration for incoming request. When a request arrives, the server analyzes the message header, applies rules specified in the configuration, and takes the appropriate action. The webmaster's main control over the action of web server is via the configuration, which will be dealt with in greater details in the later sections.

HTTP over TCP/IP

HTTP is a client-server application-level protocol. It typically runs over a TCP/IP connection, as illustrated. (HTTP needs not run on TCP/IP. It only presumes a reliable transport. Any transport protocols that provide such guarantees can be used.)

Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a set of transport and network-layer protocols for machines to communicate with each other over the network.

IP (Internet Protocol) is a network-layer protocol, deals with network addressing and routing. In an IP network, each machine is assigned an unique IP address (e.g., 165.1.2.3), and the IP software is responsible for routing a message from the source IP to the destination IP. In IPv4 (IP version 4), the IP address consists of 4 bytes, each ranges from 0 to 255, separated by dots, which is called a quad-dotted form.  This numbering scheme supports up to 4G addresses on the network.  The latest IPv6 (IP version 6) supports more addresses.  Since memorizing number is difficult for most of the people, an english-like domain name, such as www.nowhere123.com is used instead.  The DNS (Domain Name Service) translates the domain name into the IP address (via distributed lookup tables). A special IP address 127.0.0.1 always refers to your own machine.  It's domian name is "localhost" and can be used for local loopback testing.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a transport-layer protocol, responsible for establish a connection between two machines. TCP consists of 2 protocols: TCP and UDP (User Datagram Package).  TCP is reliable, each packet has a sequence number, and an acknowledgement is expected.  A packet will be re-transmitted if it is not received by the receiver.  Packet delivery is guaranteed in TCP.  UDP does not guarantee packet delivery, and is therefore not reliable.  However, UDP has less network overhead and can be used for applications such as video and audio streaming, where reliability is not critical.

TCP multiplexes applications within an IP machine. For each IP machine, TCP supports (multiplexes) up to 65536 ports (or sockets), from port number 0 to 65535.  An application, such as HTTP or FTP, runs (or listens) at a particular port number for incoming requests. Port 0 to 1023 are pre-assigned to popular protocols, e.g., HTTP at 80, FTP at 21, Telnet at 23, SMTP at 25, NNTP at 119, and DNS at 53.  Port 1024 and above are available to the users.

Although TCP port 80 is pre-assigned to HTTP, as the default HTTP port number, this does not prohibit you from running an HTTP server at other user-assigned port number (1024-65535) such as 8000, 8080, especially for test server. You could also run multiple HTTP servers in the same machine on different port numbers. When a client issues a URL without explicitly stating the port number, e.g., http://www.nowhere123.com/docs/index.html, the browser will connect to the default port number 80 of the host www.nowhere123.com. You need to explicitly specify the port number in the URL, e.g. http://www.nowhere123.com:8000/docs/index.html if the server is listening at port 8000 and not the default port 80.

In brief, to communicate over TCP/IP, you need to know (a) IP address or hostname, (b) Port number.

HTTP Specifications

The HTTP specification is maintained by W3C (World-wide Web Consortium) and available at http://www.w3.org/standards/techs/http.  There are currently two versions of HTTP, namely, HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1.  The original version, HTTP/0.9 (1991), written by Tim Berners-Lee, is a simple protocol for transferring raw data across the Internet.  HTTP/1.0 (1996) (defined in RFC 1945), improved the protocol by allowing MIME-like messages.  HTTP/1.0 does not address the issues of proxies, caching, persistent connection, virtual hosts, and range download. These features were provided in HTTP/1.1 (1999) (defined in RFC 2616).

Apache HTTP Server or Apache Tomcat Server

A HTTP server (such as Apache HTTP Server or Apache Tomcat Server) is needed to study the HTTP protocol.

Apache HTTP server is a popular industrial-strength production server, produced by Apache Software Foundation (ASF) @ www.apache.org.  ASF is an open-source software foundation.  That is to say, Apache HTTP server is free, with source code.

The first HTTP server is written by Tim Berners Lee at CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research) at Geneva, Switzerland, who also invented HTML.  Apache was built on NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications, USA) "httpd 1.3" server, in early 1995. Apache probably gets its name from the fact that it consists of some original code (from an earlier NCSA httpd web server) plus some patches; or from the name of an American Indian tribe.

Read "Apache How-to" on how to install and configuare Apache HTTP server; or "Tomcat How-to" to install and get started with Apache Tomcat Server.

HTTP Request and Response Messages 

HTTP client and server communicate by sending text messages. The client sends a request message to the server.  The server, in turn, returns a response message.

An HTTP message consists of a message header and an optional message body, separated by a blank line, as illustrated below:

Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

HTTP Request Message

The format of an HTTP request message is as follow:

Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

Request Line

The first line of the header is called the request line, followed by optional request headers.

The request line has the following syntax:

request-method-name request-URI HTTP-version
  • request-method-name: HTTP protocol defines a set of request methods, e.g., GET, POST, HEAD, and OPTIONS. The client can use one of these methods to send a request to the server.
  • request-URI: specifies the resource requested.
  • HTTP-version: Two versions are currently in use: HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1.

Examples of request line are:

GET /test.html HTTP/1.1
HEAD /query.html HTTP/1.0
POST /index.html HTTP/1.1
Request Headers

The request headers are in the form of name:value pairs. Multiple values, separated by commas, can be specified.

request-header-name: request-header-value1, request-header-value2, ...

Examples of request headers are:

Host: www.xyz.com
Connection: Keep-Alive
Accept: image/gif, image/jpeg, */*
Accept-Language: us-en, fr, cn
Example

The following shows a sample HTTP request message:

Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

HTTP Response Message

The format of the HTTP response message is as follows:

Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

Status Line

The first line is called the status line, followed by optional response header(s).

The status line has the following syntax:

HTTP-version status-code reason-phrase
  • HTTP-version: The HTTP version used in this session. Either HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1.
  • status-code: a 3-digit number generated by the server to reflect the outcome of the request.
  • reason-phrase: gives a short explanation to the status code.
  • Common status code and reason phrase are "200 OK", "404 Not Found", "403 Forbidden", "500 Internal Server Error".

Examples of status line are:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
HTTP/1.0 404 Not Found
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
Response Headers

The response headers are in the form name:value pairs:

response-header-name: response-header-value1, response-header-value2, ...

Examples of response headers are:

Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 35
Connection: Keep-Alive
Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100

The response message body contains the resource data requested.

Example

The following shows a sample response message:

Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

HTTP Request Methods

HTTP protocol defines a set of request methods. A client can use one of these request methods to send a request message to an HTTP server. The methods are:

  • GET: A client can use the GET request to get a web resource from the server.
  • HEAD: A client can use the HEAD request to get the header that a GET request would have obtained. Since the header contains the last-modified date of the data, this can be used to check against the local cache copy.
  • POST: Used to post data up to the web server.
  • PUT: Ask the server to store the data.
  • DELETE: Ask the server to delete the data.
  • TRACE: Ask the server to return a diagnostic trace of the actions it takes.
  • OPTIONS: Ask the server to return the list of request methods it supports.
  • CONNECT: Used to tell a proxy to make a connection to another host and simply reply the content, without attempting to parse or cache it. This is often used to make SSL connection through the proxy.
  • Other extension methods.

"GET" Request Method

GET is the most common HTTP request method. A client can use the GET request method to request (or "get") for a piece of resource from an HTTP server. A GET request message takes the following syntax:

GET request-URI HTTP-version
(optional request headers)

(optional request body)
  • The keyword GET is case sensitive and must be in uppercase.
  • request-URI: specifies the path of resource requested, which must begin from the root "/" of the document base directory.
  • HTTP-version: Either HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1. This client negotiates the protocol to be used for the current session. For example, the client may request to use HTTP/1.1. If the server does not support HTTP/1.1, it may inform the client in the response to use HTTP/1.0.
  • The client uses the optional request headers (such as Accept, Accept-Language, and etc) to negotiate with the server and ask the server to deliver the preferred contents (e.g., in the language that the client preferred).
  • GET request message has an optional request body which contains the query string (to be explained later).

Testing HTTP Requests

There are many way to test out the HTTP requests. Your can use utility program such as "telnet" or "hyperterm" (search for "telnet.exe" or "hypertrm.exe" under c:\windows), or write you own network program to send raw request message to an HTTP server to test out the various HTTP requests.

Telnet

"Telnet" is a very useful networking utility.  You can use telnet to establish a TCP connection with a server; and issue raw HTTP requests.  For example, suppose that you have started your HTTP server in the localhost (IP address 127.0.0.1) at port 8000:

> telnet
telnet> help
... telnet help menu ...
telnet> open 127.0.0.1 8000
Connecting To 127.0.0.1...
GET /index.html HTTP/1.0
(Hit enter twice to send the terminating blank line ...)
... HTTP response message ...

Telnet is a character-based protocol. Each character you enter on the telnet client will be sent to the server immediately. Therefore, you cannot make typo error in entering you raw command, as delete and backspace will be sent to the server. You may have to enable "local echo" option to see the characters you enter. Check the telnet manual (search Windows' help) for details on using telnet.

Network Program

You could also write your own network program to issue raw HTTP request to an HTTP server.  You network program shall first establish a TCP/IP connection with the server.  Once the TCP connection is established, you can issue the raw request.

An example of network program written in Java is as shown (assuming that the HTTP server is running on the localhost (IP address 127.0.0.1) at port 8000):

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
   
public class HttpClient {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
      
      String host = "127.0.0.1";
      int port = 8000;
      
      Socket socket = new Socket(host, port);
      
      BufferedReader in
         = new BufferedReader(
              new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
      PrintWriter out
         = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);
      
      out.println("GET /index.html HTTP/1.0");
      out.println();   
      out.flush();
      
      String line;
      
      while((line = in.readLine()) != null) {
         System.out.println(line);
      }
      
      in.close();
      out.close();
   }
}

HTTP/1.0 GET Request

The following shows the response of an HTTP/1.0 GET request (issue via telnet or your own network program - assuming that you have started your HTTP server):

GET /index.html HTTP/1.0
(enter twice to create a blank line)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 08:56:53 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Last-Modified: Sat, 20 Nov 2004 07:16:26 GMT
ETag: "10000000565a5-2c-3e94b66c2e680"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 44
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
X-Pad: avoid browser bug
   

It works!

   
Connection to host lost.

In this example, the client issues a GET request to ask for a document named "/index.html"; and negotiates to use HTTP/1.0 protocol. A blank line is needed after the request header. This request message does not contain a body.

The server receives the request message, interprets and maps the request-URI to a document under its document directory. If the requested document is available, the server returns the document with a response status code "200 OK". The response headers provide the necessary description of the document returned, such as the last-modified date (Last-Modified), the MIME type (Content-Type), and the length of the document (Content-Length). The response body contains the requested document. The browser will format and display the document according to its media type (e.g., Plain-text, HTML, JPEG, GIF, and etc.) and other information obtained from the response headers.

Notes:

  • The request method name "GET" is case sensitive, and must be in uppercase.
  • If the request method name was incorrectly spelt, the server would return an error message "501 Method Not Implemented".
  • If the request method name is not allowed, the server will return an error message "405 Method Not Allowed". E.g., DELETE is a valid method name, but may not be allowed (or implemented) by the server.
  • If the request-URI does not exist, the server will return an error message "404 Not Found". You have to issue a proper request-URI, beginning from the document root "/". Otherwise, the server would return an error message "400 Bad Request".
  • If the HTTP-version is missing or incorrect, the server will return an error message "400 Bad Request".
  • In HTTP/1.0, by default, the server closes the TCP connection after the response is delivered. If you use telnet to connect to the server, the message "Connection to host lost" appears immediately after the response body is received. You could use an optional request header "Connection: Keep-Alive" to request for a persistent (or keep-alive) connection, so that another request can be sent through the same TCP connection to achieve better network efficiency. On the other hand, HTTP/1.1 uses keep-alive connection as default.

Response Status Code

The first line of the response message (i.e., the status line) contains the response status code, which is generated by the server to indicate the outcome of the request.

The status code is a 3-digit number:

  • 1xx (Informational): Request received, server is continuing the process.
  • 2xx (Success): The request was successfully received, understood, accepted and serviced.
  • 3xx (Redirection): Further action must be taken in order to complete the request.
  • 4xx (Client Error): The request contains bad syntax or cannot be understood.
  • 5xx (Server Error): The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request.

Some commonly encountered status codes are:

  • 100 Continue: The server received the request and in the process of giving the response.
  • 200 OK: The request is fulfilled.
  • 301 Move Permanently: The resource requested for has been permanently moved to a new location. The URL of the new location is given in the response header called Location. The client should issue a new request to the new location. Application should update all references to this new location.
  • 302 Found & Redirect (or Move Temporarily): Same as 301, but the new location is temporarily in nature. The client should issue a new request, but applications need not update the references.
  • 304 Not Modified: In response to the If-Modified-Since conditional GET request, the server notifies that the resource requested has not been modified.
  • 400 Bad Request: Server could not interpret or understand the request, probably syntax error in the request message.
  • 401 Authentication Required: The requested resource is protected, and require client’s credential (username/password). The client should re-submit the request with his credential (username/password).
  • 403 Forbidden: Server refuses to supply the resource, regardless of identity of client.
  • 404 Not Found: The requested resource cannot be found in the server.
  • 405 Method Not Allowed: The request method used, e.g., POST, PUT, DELETE, is a valid method. However, the server does not allow that method for the resource requested.
  • 408 Request Timeout:
  • 414 Request URI too Large:
  • 500 Internal Server Error: Server is confused, often caused by an error in the server-side program responding to the request.
  • 501 Method Not Implemented: The request method used is invalid (could be caused by a typing error, e.g., "GET" misspell as "Get").
  • 502 Bad Gateway: Proxy or Gateway indicates that it receives a bad response from the upstream server.
  • 503 Service Unavailable: Server cannot response due to overloading or maintenance. The client can try again later.
  • 504 Gateway Timeout: Proxy or Gateway indicates that it receives a timeout from an upstream server.

More HTTP/1.0 GET Request Examples

Example: Misspelt Request Method

In the request, "GET" is misspelled as "get". The server returns an error "501 Method Not Implemented". The response header "Allow" tells the client the methods allowed.

get /test.html HTTP/1.0
(enter twice to create a blank line)
HTTP/1.1 501 Method Not Implemented
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 10:32:05 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Allow: GET,HEAD,POST,OPTIONS,TRACE
Content-Length: 215
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
   


501 Method Not Implemented


Method Not Implemented


get to /index.html not supported.
Example: 404 File Not Found

In this GET request, the request-URL "/t.html" cannot be found under the server’s document directory. The server returns an error "404 Not Found".

GET /t.html HTTP/1.0
(enter twice to create a blank line)
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 10:36:20 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Content-Length: 204
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
   


404 Not Found


Not Found


The requested URL /t.html was not found on this server.
Example: Wrong HTTP Version Number

In this GET request, the HTTP-version was misspelled, resulted in bad syntax. The server returns an error "400 Bad Request". HTTP-version should be either HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1.

GET /index.html HTTTTTP/1.0
(enter twice to create a blank line)
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Date: Sun, 08 Feb 2004 01:29:40 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.29 (Win32)
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1



400 Bad Request


Bad Request

Your browser sent a request that this server could not understand.

The request line contained invalid characters following the protocol string.

Note: The latest Apache 2.2.14 ignores this error and returns the document with status code "200 OK".

Example: Wrong Request-URI

In the following GET request, the request-URI did not begin from the root "/", resulted in a "bad request".

GET test.html HTTP/1.0
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 10:42:27 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Content-Length: 226
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
   


400 Bad Request


Bad Request


Your browser sent a request that this server could not understand.
Example: Keep-Alive Connection

By fault, for HTTP/1.0 GET request, the server closes the TCP connection once the response is delivered. You could request for the TCP connection to be maintained, (so as to send another request using the same TCP connection, to improve on the network efficiency), via an optional request header "Connection: Keep-Alive". The server includes a "Connection: Keep-Alive" response header to inform the client that he can send another request using this connection, before the keep-alive timeout. Another response header "Keep-Alive: timeout=x, max=x" tells the client the timeout (in seconds) and the maximum number of requests that can be sent via this persistent connection.

GET /test.html HTTP/1.0
Connection: Keep-Alive
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 10:47:06 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Last-Modified: Sat, 20 Nov 2004 07:16:26 GMT
ETag: "10000000565a5-2c-3e94b66c2e680"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 44
Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=100
Connection: Keep-Alive
Content-Type: text/html
   

It works!

Notes:

  • The message "Connection to host lost" (for telnet) appears after "keep-alive" timeout
  • Before the "Connection to host lost" message appears (i.e., Keep-alive timeout), you can send another request through the same TCP connection.
  • The header "Connection: Keep-alive" is not case sensitive.  The space is optional.
  • If an optional header is misspelled or invalid, it will be ignored by the server.
Example: Accessing a Protected Resource

The following GET request tried to access a protected resource. The server returns an error "403 Forbidden". In this example, the directory "htdocs\forbidden" is configured to deny all access in the Apache HTTP server configuration file "httpd.conf" as follows:


   Order deny,allow
   deny from all

GET /forbidden/index.html HTTP/1.0
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 11:58:41 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Content-Length: 222
Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=100
Connection: Keep-Alive
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
   


403 Forbidden


Forbidden


You don't have permission to access /forbidden/index.html
on this server.

HTTP/1.1 GET Request

HTTP/1.1 server supports so-called virtual hosts. That is, the same physical server could house several virtual hosts, with different hostnames (e.g., www.nowhere123.com and www.test909.com) and their own dedicated document root directories. Hence, in an HTTP/1.1 GET request, it is mandatory to include a request header called "Host", to select one of the virtual hosts.

Example: HTTP/1.1 Request

HTTP/1.1 maintains persistent (or keep-alive) connection by default to improve the network efficiency. You can use a request header "Connection: Close" to ask the server to close the TCP connection once the response is delivered.

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 12:10:12 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Last-Modified: Sat, 20 Nov 2004 07:16:26 GMT
ETag: "10000000565a5-2c-3e94b66c2e680"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 44
Content-Type: text/html
   

It works!
Example: HTTP/1.1 Missing Host Header

The following example shows that "Host" header is mandatory in an HTTP/1.1 request. If "Host" header is missing, the server returns an error "400 Bad Request".

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 12:13:46 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Content-Length: 226
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
   


400 Bad Request


Bad Request


Your browser sent a request that this server could not understand.

Conditional GET Requests

In all the previous examples, the server returns the entire document if the request can be fulfilled (i.e. unconditional). You may use additional request header to issue a "conditional request". For example, to ask for the document based on the last-modified date (so as to decide whether to use the local cache copy), or to ask for a portion of the document (or range) instead of the entire document (useful for downloading large documents).

The conditional request headers include:

  • If-Modified-Since (check for response status code "304 Not Modified").
  • If-Unmodified-Since
  • If-Match
  • If-None-Match
  • If-Range

Request Headers

This section describes some of the commonly-used request headers. Refer to HTTP Specification for more details. The syntax of header name is words with initial-cap joined using dash (-), e.g., Content-Length, If-Modified-Since.

Host: domain-name - HTTP/1.1 supports virtual hosts. Multiple DNS names (e.g., www.nowhere123.com and www.nowhere456.com) can reside on the same physical server, with their own document root directories. Host header is mandatory in HTTP/1.1 to select one of the hosts.

The following headers can be used for content negotiation by the client to ask the server to deliver the preferred type of the document (in terms of the media type, e.g. JPEG vs. GIF, or language used e.g. English vs. French) if the server maintain multiple versions for the same document.

Accept: mime-type-1, mime-type-2, ... - The client can use the Accept header to tell the server the MIME types it can handle and it prefers. If the server has multiple versions of the document requested (e.g., an image in GIF and PNG, or a document in TXT and PDF), it can check this header to decide which version to deliver to the client. (E.g., PNG is more advanced more GIF, but not all browser supports PNG.) This process is called content-type negotiation.

Accept-Language: language-1, language-2, ... - The client can use the Accept-Language header to tell the server what languages it can handle or it prefers. If the server has multiple versions of the requested document (e.g., in English, Chinese, French), it can check this header to decide which version to return. This process is called language negotiation.

Accept-Charset: Charset-1, Charset-2, ... - For character set negotiation, the client can use this header to tell the server which character sets it can handle or it prefers. Examples of character sets are ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-2, ISO-8859-5, BIG5, UCS2, UCS4, UTF8.

Accept-Encoding: encoding-method-1, encoding-method-2, ... - The client can use this header to tell the server the type of encoding it supports. If the server has encoded (or compressed) version of the document requested, it can return an encoded version supported by the client. The server can also choose to encode the document before returning to the client to reduce the transmission time. The server must set the response header "Content-Encoding" to inform the client that the returned document is encoded. The common encoding methods are "x-gzip (.gz, .tgz)" and "x-compress (.Z)".

Connection: Close|Keep-Alive - The client can use this header to tell the server whether to close the connection after this request, or to keep the connection alive for another request. HTTP/1.1 uses persistent (keep-alive) connection by default. HTTP/1.0 closes the connection by default.

Referer: referer-URL - The client can use this header to indicate the referrer of this request. If you click a link from web page 1 to visit web page 2, web page 1 is the referrer for request to web page 2. All major browsers set this header, which can be used to track where the request comes from (for web advertising, or content customization). Nonetheless, this header is not reliable and can be easily spoofed. Note that Referrer is misspelled as "Referer" (unfortunately, you have to follow too).

User-Agent: browser-type - Identify the type of browser used to make the request. Server can use this information to return different document depending on the type of browsers.

Content-Length: number-of-bytes - Used by POST request, to inform the server the length of the request body.

Content-Type: mime-type - Used by POST request, to inform the server the media type of the request body.

Cache-Control: no-cache|... - The client can use this header to specify how the pages are to be cached by proxy server. "no-cache" requires proxy to obtain a fresh copy from the original server, even though a local cached copy is available. (HTTP/1.0 server does not recognize "Cache-Control: no-cache". Instead, it uses "Pragma: no-cache". Included both request headers if you are not sure about the server’s version.)

Authorization: Used by the client to supply its credential (username/password) to access protected resources. (This header will be described in later chapter on authentication.)

Cookie: cookie-name-1=cookie-value-1, cookie-name-2=cookie-value-2, ... - The client uses this header to return the cookie(s) back to the server, which was set by this server earlier for state management. (This header will be discussed in later chapter on state management.)

If-Modified-Since: date - Tell the server to send the page only if it has been modified after the specific date.

GET Request for Directory

Suppose that a directory called "testdir" is present in the document base directory "htdocs".

If a client issues a GET request to "/testdir/" (i.e., at the directory).

  1. The server will return "/testdir/index.html" if the directory contains a "index.html" file.
  2. Otherwise, the server returns the directory listing, if directory listing is enabled in the server configuration.
  3. Otherwise, the server returns "404 Page Not Found".

It is interesting to take note that if a client issue a GET request to "/testdir" (without specifying the directory path "/"), the server returns a "301 Move Permanently" with a new "Location" of "/testdir/", as follows.

GET /testdir HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 13:19:15 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Location: http://127.0.0.1:8000/testdir/
Content-Length: 238
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
   


301 Moved Permanently


Moved Permanently


The document has moved here.

Most of the browser will follow up with another request to "/testdir/". For example, If you issue http://127.0.0.1:8000/testdir without the trailing "/" from a browser, you could notice that a trailing "/" was added to the address after the response was given. The morale of the story is: you should include the "/" for directory request to save you an additional GET request.

Issue a GET Request through a Proxy Server

To send a GET request through a proxy server, (a) establish a TCP connection to the proxy server; (b) use an absolute request-URI http://hostname:port/path/fileName to the target server.

The following trace was captured using telnet. A connection is established with the proxy server, and a GET request issued. Absolute request-URI is used in the request line.

GET http://www.amazon.com/index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.amazon.com
Connection: Close
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2004 09:27:35 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
Connection: close
Server: Stronghold/2.4.2 Apache/1.3.6 C2NetEU/2412 (Unix)
Set-Cookie: skin=; domain=.amazon.com; path=/; expires=Wed, 01-Aug-01 12:00:00 GMT
Connection: close
Location: http://www.amazon.com:80/exec/obidos/subst/home/home.html
Via: 1.1 xproxy (NetCache NetApp/5.3.1R4D5)
   
ed


302 Found


Found

The document has moved

here.


   
0

Take note that the response is returned in "chunks".

"HEAD" Request Method

HEAD request is similar to GET request. However, the server returns only the response header without the response body, which contains the actual document. HEAD request is useful for checking the headers, such as Last-Modified, Content-Type, Content-Length, before sending a proper GET request to retrieve the document.

The syntax of the HEAD request is as follows:

HEAD request-URI HTTP-version
(other optional request headers)
(blank line)
(optional request body)
Example
HEAD /index.html HTTP/1.0
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 18 Oct 2009 14:09:16 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)
Last-Modified: Sat, 20 Nov 2004 07:16:26 GMT
ETag: "10000000565a5-2c-3e94b66c2e680"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 44
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
X-Pad: avoid browser bug

Notice that the response consists of the header only without the body, which contains the actual document.

"OPTIONS" Request Method

A client can use an OPTIONS request method to query the server which request methods are supported. The syntax for OPTIONS request message is:

OPTIONS request-URI|* HTTP-version
(other optional headers)
(blank line)

"*" can be used in place of a request-URI to indicate that the request does not apply to any particular resource.

Example

For example, the following OPTIONS request is sent through a proxy server:

OPTIONS http://www.amazon.com/ HTTP/1.1
Host: www.amazon.com
Connection: Close
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2004 09:42:46 GMT
Content-Length: 0
Connection: close
Server: Stronghold/2.4.2 Apache/1.3.6 C2NetEU/2412 (Unix)
Allow: GET, HEAD, POST, OPTIONS, TRACE
Connection: close
Via: 1.1 xproxy (NetCache NetApp/5.3.1R4D5)
(blank line)

All servers that allow GET request will allow HEAD request. Sometimes, HEAD is not listed.

"TRACE" Request Method

A client can send a TRACE request to ask the server to return a diagnostic trace.

TRACE request takes the following syntax:

TRACE / HTTP-version
(blank line)
Example

The following example shows a TRACE request issued through a proxy server.

TRACE http://www.amazon.com/ HTTP/1.1
Host: www.amazon.com
Connection: Close
(blank line)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2004 09:44:21 GMT
Content-Type: message/http
Connection: close
Server: Stronghold/2.4.2 Apache/1.3.6 C2NetEU/2412 (Unix)
Connection: close
Via: 1.1 xproxy (NetCache NetApp/5.3.1R4D5)
   
9d
TRACE / HTTP/1.1
Connection: keep-alive
Host: www.amazon.com
Via: 1.1 xproxy (NetCache NetApp/5.3.1R4D5)
X-Forwarded-For: 155.69.185.59, 155.69.5.234
   
0

(To compare the TRACE request with trace route)

Submitting HTML Form Data and Query String

In many Internet applications, such as e-commerce and search engine, the clients are required to submit additional information to the server (e.g., the name, address, the search keywords). Based on the data submitted, the server takes an appropriate action and produces a customized response.

The clients are usually presented with a form (produced using HTML

tag). Once they fill in the requested data and hit the submit button, the browser packs the form data and submits them to the server, using either a GET request or a POST request.

The following is a sample HTML form, which is produced by the following HTML script:


A Sample HTML Form

  
A Sample HTML Data Entry Form

  
    Enter your name: 

    Enter your password: 

    Which year?
    Yr 1
    Yr 2
    Yr 3

    Subject registered:
    E101
    E102
    E103

    Select Day:

Which header is used to tell server what is the format of data being sent in the request?

A form contains fields.  The types of field include:

  • Text Box: produced by .
  • Password Box: produced by .
  • Radio Button: produced by .
  • Checkbox: produced by .
  • Selection: produced by